Chapter 18 Blood

plasma proteins

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

plasma

fluid portion of blood

Formed elements of blood

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

serum

plasma without clotting factors

hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)

production of blood cells

erythropoiesis

production of red blood cells

erythropoietin

a hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues.

hematocrit

percentage of blood volume occupied by formed elements

hemoglobin

A four-subunit protein found in red blood cells that binds oxygen. Each subunit contains a heme group, a large multi-ring molecule with an iron atom at its center. One hemoglobin molecule can bind four oxygen molecules in a cooperative manner.

heme

pigment part of hemoglobin

Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

hematocrit

whole blood

refers to the mixture of both plasma and formed elements

leukocytes

white blood cells

platelets

thrombocytes

clotting factors

proteins in the plasma that serve to activate various parts of the blood clotting process by being transformed from inactive to active forms. Also known as coagulation factors.

antibodies

proteins secreted by B lymphocytes that attach to antigens

metalloproteins

proteins complexed around a metal ion

testosterone

A male sex hormone produced by the testes; women secrete smaller amounts of testosterone from the adrenal cortex and ovary.

estrogen

a female sex hormone produced by the ovaries

endothelium

innermost lining of blood vessels

oxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin bound to oxygen

deoxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin without oxygen

anemia

A condition in which the blood is deficient in oxygen carrying capacity due to either deficiency in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume.

iron deficiency anemia

anemia resulting when there is not enough iron to build hemoglobin for red blood cells

pernicious anemia

lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream

sickle cell anemia

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape

jaundice

yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an accumulation of bilirubin in the blood

carbaminohemoglobin

the compound formed by the union of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin

hemacytoblast

bone marrow stem cell from which all formed elements of blood arise

blood doping

The practice of illicitly boosting the number of red blood cells, which transport oxygen, to enhance athletic performance

blood type

*a classification of blood that depends on the type of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cell; A, B, AB, or O
*A, B, AB and O. Type O is the universal donor and AB blood is known as the universal recipient.

transferrin

iron transport protein

ferritin

iron storage protein; found in the liver, spleen, and red bone marrow

hemosiderin

iron storage complex

Rh antigen

a protein present on red blood cells of a person with the Rh+ blood

biliverdin

the green pigment produced from hemoglobin breakdown

bilirubin

yellow pigment produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile.

agglutinin

antibody

agglutinogen

an antigen that stimulates the production of an agglutinin

antigen

A molecule (usually a protein) that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody

blood transfusion

introduction of blood products into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner

blood typing

the laboratory examination to determine a person's blood type

Cross-Reactions in Transfusions

Also called transfusion reaction
Plasma antibody meets its specific surface antigen
Blood will agglutinate and hemolyze
Occur if donor and recipient blood types not compatible

neutrophils

A type of white blood cell that engulfs microbes by phagocytosis

eosinophils

a white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin; capable of phagocytosis and secreting toxins

lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

phagosome

Intracellular vesicle containing material taken up by phagocytosis.

erythroblastosis fetalis

hemolytic disease in the newborn (HDN) caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus

basophils

A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine and heparin

mast cells

cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote vasodilation and heparin .

heparin

an anticoagulant

B lymphocytes

form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

leukopoiesis

production of white blood cells

megakaryocyte

large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow

lymphopoiesis

production of lymphocytes

leukemia

cancer of white blood cells

leukopenia

deficiency of white blood cells

colony stimulating factors

stimulate growth and differentiation of immature leukocytes in bone marrow

hemostasis

to stop or control bleeding

thrombocytopoiesis

platelet production

endothelin

A peptide produced by a blood vessel's endothelium that causes the vessel to constrict.

vascular spasm

immediate response to blood vessel injury; results in constriction

platelet plug formation

platelets stick together to form a temporary seal to cover the break in the vessel wall

fibrin

an insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen during the clotting of blood. It forms a fibrous mesh that impedes the flow of blood.

plasmin

an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

activates plasminogen to plasmin

thrombin

enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

prothrombin activator

converts prothrombin to thrombin

prothrombin

plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process

plasminogen

a plasma protein that is converted to plasmin

fibrinogen

plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process

intrinsic pathway

factors found in blood begin cascade (platelet degranulation)

extrinsic pathway

initial coagulation pathway that begins with tissue damage and results in the activation of the common pathway

hemophilia

a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing

vitamin K

required by the liver to make clotting factors

vitamin B12

requires intrinsic factor for absorption

clot retraction

after coagulation, platelets contract pulling torn blood vessel together

hemolysis

destruction of red blood cells

monocytes

An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.

macrophage

large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body

erythrocytes

red blood cells

prostacyclin

inhibits platelet aggregation

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

produced by platelets; stimulates division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild blood vessel wall

Tissue Factor

protein which initiates the extrinsic pathway when released in response to tissue damage; Factor III

Platelet Factor (PF3)

activates blood clotting factors