Every member of the target population has an equal chance of becoming a part of the sample.
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Stratified Sampling
Essential characteristics for the study are decided, then the distribution of these characteristics in the general population is studied.
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Convenience Sampling
Easily available participants are recruited.
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Self- Selected Sampling
It takes place by recruiting volunteers. It is quick, easy, and has wide coverage.
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Independent Measures Design
Involves random allocation of participants into groups and a comparison between these groups. The IV is manipulated and there can be more than one IV.
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Matched Pairs Design
Matching is used to form the groups. It is used to make sure that groups are equivalent.
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Repeated Measures Design
The goal is to compare conditions rather than groups of participants.
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Construct Validity
Characterizes the quality of operationalizations.
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Internal Validity
Characterizes the quality of the experiment.
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Population Validity (external)
Generalizability from the sample to the target population, high when sample is representative.
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Ecological Validity (external)
Generalizability of the experiment to other settings or situations.
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Selection Bias
Mistakes in sampling and creating groups.
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History Bias
The outside events that happen to a participant/ group (ex. noise coming from outside in a memory test, one group is closer to the noise)
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Maturation Bias
Participants going through natural development (ex. child participants may grow in between two experiments)
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Testing Effect Bias
Doing a test for the second time affecting the results, thus the researcher not knowing if the results changed because of the training given or familiarity.
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Instrumentation Bias
The instrument measuring the DV changing slightly (ex. the observer being more tired during one of the experiments)
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Regression to the Mean Bias
The DV being extremely high or low (when a person retakes a test, their score tends to get closer to the average score)
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Experimental Mortality Bias
Some participants dropping out during an experiment, may become a problem if dropouts aren’t random (ex. if the dropouts are higher in the experimental group, the experiment cannot go on)
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Demand Characteristics Bias
Participants understanding the aim of the study and altering their behavior accordingly (in order to eliminate this, the experiment should be a blind experiment)
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Experimenter Bias
The researcher unintentionally affecting the results of a study (in order to eliminate this bias, the experiment should be a double blind experiment)