Period 4 1800-1848 APUSH

Significance of election (or revolution) of 1800 (Jefferson)

First peaceful transition of power between parties

Jefferson’s conflict on Louisiana Purchase in 1803

Constitution didn’t strictly allow the president to purchase territory

Why Jefferson purchased Louisiana

• furthered his ideals of an agrarian nation

• doubled the size of the US

• decreased European presence in North America

Lewis and Clark + Sacagawea

Explored Louisiana territory

Barbary Wars

• Jefferson payed a tribute to release American hostages

• Expanded US navy to fight pirates (also interfered with strict interpretation of Constitution as he wanted to shrink the military)

Embargo Act of 1807

• Prohibited trade with Britain and France as a response to them trying to interfere with American neutrality during Napoleonic wars

• Damaged US economy and Jefferson’s administration, causing him to step down after 2 terms

Causes of war of 1812

• Continued impressment of American sailors

• Britain continued to supply Native Americans on the frontier with weapons and occupy territory in the West

Who supported the war of 1812 (war hawks)

• Henry Clay

• John C. Calhoun

• Democratic-Republicans from the South + West

Hartford Convention (Opposition to the war of 1812)

Secret meeting of Federalists to oppose the war and power of Democratic-Republicans, also kind of ended the Federalist party

Battle of Baltimore/Fort McHenry (War of 1812)

Star-Spangled Banner was written

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

• British agreed to end impressment and abandon forts in the Northwest territory

• Both sides agreed to help end the African slave trade

• Ended the war of 1812

Battle of New Orleans

Andrew Jackson led Americans into victory after the war ended

Era of Good Feelings (1815-1824)

Characterized by:

• patriotism, nationalism, and optimism

• economic prosperity

• political unity with only Democratic-Republican leadership

Acquisition of Florida (1819)

• Adams-Onís (Florida Purchase) treaty - Spain ceded Florida to US

• Defined US/Mexico boundary

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

• Follow-up to Treaty of Ghent

• provided for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain where many British naval arrangements and forts remained

• both sides agreed to leave 1-2 navy ships per each Great Lake

Treaty of 1818

• Established the boundary between American and Canada across the 49the parallel

• England and US agreed to a joint occupation of the Oregon territory, meaning both could settle and trade in the Northwest region

• show Britain finally respecting American sovereignty

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

US foreign policy demanding Europe stay out of the Western hemisphere (isolationist)

Missouri Compromise (1820)

• Proposed by Henry Clay (the Great Compromiser)

• Attempted to ease sectional tensions by maintaining free vs. slave state balance

• Missouri entered Union as a slave state, Maine as a free state

• 36’30’ line - only meant to be a temporary fix

• Followed failed Tallmadge Amendment that suggested Missouri enter as a slave state but gradually free its slaves

American System (by Henry Clay)

Aimed to link economies of the North and South and make the nation more self-sufficient

• internal improvements/infrastructure - not passed

• protective tariff of 1816 - special taxes on foreign goods to promote the development of American industries

• 2nd national bank

Gave a speech describing this called “In Defence of the American System”

Development of a national identity

• Hudson River School - art movement depicting American landscape

• Literary movements like romanticism (Edgar Allen Poe, rebelling against the logic + science of the Enlightenment) and transcendentalism (Thoreau and Emerson)

Corrupt bargain election

• Nobody won in an electoral majority so it was given to the House of Representatives

• Henry Clay (Speaker of HoR) advocated for John Quincy Adams who won

• Andrew Jackson felt the House of Representatives had cheated him ——> split in the party

Universal White Male Suffrage

Granting of voting rights to all adult white males, regardless of property ownership or other qualifications by Andrew Jackson

Expansion of white male suffrage

Led to Jacksonian Democrats electing him in 1828 as the “common man” president

Spoils system (or patronage) by Andrew Jackson

Replaced Democratic-Republicans in appointed offices with people who helped get him elected (loyalty>qualifications)

Jeffersonian vs. Jacksonian democracy

• both supported an economy based on agriculture

• both distrusted the national bank

• both favored states’ rights

• Jefferson tried to shrink the federal government while Jackson expanded federal powers

• Jefferson favored planter elite while Jackson favored the common man

• Jefferson thought education was critical for holding office while Jackson supported the spoil system

Nullification Crisis

Surrounding Tariff of Abominations (1832)

• Southerners thought it helped Northern manufacturers more than Southern planters

• Calhoun threatened nullification and secession

• Force Bill - argued that nullification was treason (response by Jackson to Calhoun)

Bank War (not really)

• Jackson went against Nicholas Biddle, president of the 2nd National Bank

• Based on belief by Jackson that bankers were out to make a profit for themselves at the expense of poor farmers

• Treasury Secretary withdrew federal money from national bank and moved it to pet banks(small state-run banks)

• Jackson vetoed the re-charter officially ending the 2nd national bank

Specie Circular

Jackson demanded that all public land be bought by gold and silver

• caused severe economic problems

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Allowed the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands to territories west of the Mississippi River ——> Trail of Tears

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Ruled that the Cherokee were not a sovereign nation but a “domestic dependant nation”

Financial Panics

End with high unemployment, bank foreclosures, and banks literally running out of money

Panic of 1819

• First major financial crisis in the US

• Caused by land speculation(investment), overextension of credit, and a sudden decrease in demand for American goods in Europe

• Made people dislike the National Bank

Panic of 1837

• Caused by speculation, inflation, and the collapse of banks

• Also a result of how Jackson had closed the 2nd National Bank, issued the Specie Circular, and moved federal money to pet banks

Worcester v. Georgia

Established tribal sovereignty and invalidated state laws interfering with Native American rights

• Jackson ignored this

Whig party

• Formed as a response to hatred of Andrew Jackson

• Supported ideas under Henry Clay’s American System (protective tariff, national bank)

• Opposed expansion of executive power as seen under Jackson as well as territorial expansion and the Mexican-American War

• Henry Clay and Daniel Webster were leaders

Marshall Court + John Marshall

• Federalist judge appointed by John Adams

• Decisions expanded power of federal government over states

Judicial Review

• Only the Supreme Court had the power to determine the constitutionality of laws

• Established in Marbury v. Madison

McCulloch v. Maryland

• Upheld constitutionality of the National Bank

• Granted Congress implied powers

Gibbons v. Ogden

Federal government could control interstate trade

Worcester v. Georgia

• ruled that the federal government did not have the right to regulate Native American land

• Andrew Jackson just ignored it

Industrialization and the Market Revolution

• Northern cities saw the development of textile factories especially along waterways

• West saw mechanization of agriculture with the Steel Plow and Mechanical Reaper

• South saw Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin make cotton King of Southern economy

Erie Canal

• Man-made waterway connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River

• Connected East and West and allowed for quick easy goods transfer

• New towns and cities popped up along the way

Market Revolution (1830-1840 ish) innovations

• Steam engine led to railroads and steam boats (transportation revolution

• Interchangeable parts made national economy and workforce boom

• Telegraph connected regional economies

Unskilled labor in new jobs

• Gave women, children, and immigrants jobs for low wages and poor conditions

Lowell Mills, Massachussetts

Hired young, unmarried women to work, living in company boarding houses

Cult of domesticity (upper class)

Belief that a woman’s primary role was to be a virtuous wife, mother, and homemaker

Immigration 1840-1860

• Many Irish escaping potato famine took jobs in factories or building railroads in Northeastern cities

• Many Germans escaping political turmoil settled in the midwest

• Increased nativism due to immigrants taking low-paying jobs

Know-nothing party (American party)

• Nativist

• Protestants upset with Catholics

2nd Great Awakening

• increased church attendance

• inspired social + moral reform

William Lloyd Garrison

White abolitionist who published newspaper The Liberator and founded the American Anti-slavery Society

Seneca Falls Convention

• Considered the birthplace of the women’s suffrage movement

• Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

• Drafted Declaration of Sentiments calling for equality

More antebellum reforms

• Temperance

• Education (Horace Mann pushed for the common school movement/public schools)

• Prison

• Mental hospital (Dorothea Dix)

Utopian Communities, Mormons, etc

like the Shakers… and the Mormons

Transcendentalism

• Ralph Waldo Emerson - self-reliance

• Henry David Thoreau - called for civil disobedience