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For exam 2
what were the first types of correctional facilities?
Jails which were often found in castles and keeps
What is galley slavery
punishment where convicts rowed ships
what is transportation in corrections history
sending convicts to penal colonies
what is the difference between ethics and morality
Ethics relates to professional conduct while morality pertains to personal beliefs of right and wrong
what is the dentological ethical system
focuses on whether the act itself is good not the outcome
what is the teleological ethical system
focuses on the consequences of an act
what is noble cause corruption
when officials break rules for what they believe is the greater good
what is the primary purpose of jails
to hold individuals before trial, for short sentences, or for minor offenses
what does PREA stand for
Prison Rape Elimination Act
What is the leading cause of death in jails
Suicide
what is probation
community based supervision allowing offenders to serve their sentence outside of prison
What is the National Probation Act of 1925
allowed judges to suspend sentences and place offenders on probation
what are the two roles of probation officers
law enforcement and social worker
what was the Pennsylvania prison model known for
solitary confinement to promote reflection and rehabilitation
How did the Auburn system differ from the Pennsylvania model
Inmates worked together silently during the day but isolated at night
Who was John Howard and what was his contribution to corrections
An english prison reformer who advocated for sanitary and humane prison condtions
What was the panopticon and who designed it
A circular prison model designed by Jeremy Bentham to improve survillance
What is utilitariansim
an ethical system where the best action is the one that benefits the most people
What is official deviance in corrections
when officials violate laws or rules to benefit the organization
What is the ethics of care framework
ethical system where acting with compassion and meeting the needs of others is most important
what is the primary difference between jails and prisons
jails house inmates for less than one year or pretrial while prisons house longer sentences
What landmark case established the right to medical care for inmates
Estelle v. Gamble (1976)
What population is most likely to die from illness in jails
women
what does the Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) require
federal standards to prevent, detect, and respond to sexual abuse in correctional facilities
What is graduated sanctions
a system where punishments for probation violations increase in severity depending on the offense
What are the three main goals of community corrections
Rehabilitation, reintegration, and public safety
What is the main benefit of community corrections over incarceration
it costs less and helps offenders maintain family and employment ties
What is restorative justice
a philosophy focused on repairing the harm caused by crime through offender accountability and victim involvement
What are the three security levels in state prisons
Max, medium, and minimum
what is the primary goal of supermax prisons
to house dangerous, violent, or disruptive inmates
what is prisonization
the process by which inmates adopt the customs, habits, and culture of prison life
what are the pains of imprisonment
loss of autonomy, goods and services, sexual relations, security, and freedom
what are the two types of prison violence
instrumental violence (goal oriented) and expressive violence (emotional outbursts)
what is mature coping
inmates handling problems without violence or rule breaking
What is the most common reason for revocation of probation?
Technical violations (like missing curfew or failing drug tests)
What is the primary goal of jails?
To incapacitate, deter, punish, and rehabilitate
What is the difference between Parole and Probation?
Probation is a sentence instead of jail, while parole is early release from prison
What were Bridewells?
Early correctional facilities used to punish and reform offenders through hard labor
What is the significance of William Penn's "Great Law"?
It emphasized rehabilitation and humane punishment instead of harsh corporal punishment.
What was the purpose of Debtors' Prisons?
To detain individuals who owed money until they paid off their debts.
What was the Elmira Reformatory Model?
A prison system designed to reform young offenders through education, labor, and discipline
What is the categorical imperative according to Immanuel Kant?
The belief that people should act in a way they would want everyone else to act.
What is the biggest cause of official deviance in corrections?
Organizational pressure to meet institutional goals
What is the Smell of the Victim's Blood?
The mindset where officers justify unethical actions to protect victims or society.
What is the Co-Responder Model in jails?
A system where mental health professionals and police officers work together to address inmates' behavioral health needs.
How does overcrowding affect jail operations?
It limits programming, increases violence, and puts stress on staff and medical resources
What are Criminal Alien Requirement (CAR) Facilities?
Private jails contracted to house undocumented immigrants detained by ICE.
What are Intermediate Sanctions?
Punishments that fall between probation and prison, like house arrest or boot camps
What is Project HOPE?
A community corrections program that uses swift and certain punishments to reduce probation violations.
What is the difference between Technical Violations and New Offense Violations in probation?
Technical violations break probation rules (like curfew), while new offense violations involve committing a new crime
What was the Attica Prison Riot (1971)?
One of the deadliest prison riots in U.S. history, caused by inhumane prison conditions.
What is the Prison Industrial Complex?
The idea that private companies and government agencies profit from mass incarceration
What are the three main goals of incarceration?
Retribution, deterrence, and rehabilitation.
What is the difference between Instrumental Violence and Expressive Violence?
Instrumental violence is goal-oriented (like gang hits), while expressive violence is driven by emotion or anger.
What is the Convict Code?
A set of unwritten rules among inmates, like "Don't snitch" and "Mind your own business"
What is the Importation Model?
Theory that inmates bring their outside street culture and behaviors into prison
What are common health concerns for female inmates?
Cervical cancer, pregnancy, and mental health disorders
Why are women more likely to die in jail than men?
Due to medical neglect, trauma histories, and addiction-related health issues
What is the purpose of Drug Courts?
To provide rehabilitative services instead of incarceration for non-violent drug offenders
What is Day Reporting?
A community corrections program where offenders check in daily for monitoring, treatment, or counseling.
What is the restorative justice model
A system where offenders, victims, and the community work together to repair the harm caused by crime
What is the number one cause of inmate deaths in both jails and prisons
suicide
what is the primary goal of the pennsylvania prison model
Solitary reflection and rehabilitation
which case established the constitutional right to medical care for inmates
Estelle v. Gamble
Who designed the Panopticon prison model?
Jeremy Bentham
What is the purpose of graduated sanctions in probation?
Increasingly severe punishments for repeated violations
What ethical theory focuses on the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Utlitarianism
What is the primary function of jails
Pre-trial detention and short sentences
Which prison model uses strict silence and hard labor during the day
Auburn system
What is the primary goal of resortative justice
repairing harm caused by crime
What is the leading cause of female inmate deaths
medical neglect
What law requires correctional facilities to address sexual violence
PREA
What is shock probation
Temporary jail time followed by probation
What perecentage of probationers successfully complete their sentence
50%
What is a lawsuit that inmates almost always win?
Overcrowding
What are elderly most likely to die from?
Cancer
What is the code of silence?
When staff will not speak up against mistreatment or unethical behavior to protect colleagues.
What is us. vs them mentality in the staff perspective?
When officers believe it is the staff vs. the inmates. Dehumanization of the inmates which makes it easier to victimize them.
What is gang influence?
Gangs have their own subculture and there is lots of violence in gangs.
What is prison codes from the inmate perspective?
No snitching, it discourages inmates from reporting misconduct.
Why is prison so violent?
People don’t want to be there, they do things they don’t want to do, and people there are often naturally violent.
How to prevent violence in prison?
Better trained staff, more survaillence, more activities, less overcrowding, and classification.
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