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What are the five general relations between the psychological domain (Ψ) and the physiological (Φ) domain in the discipline of psychophysiology?
one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, many-to-many, null
Psychophysiologists are particularly interested in two types of relation between psychological domain (Ψ) and the physiological (Φ) domain. What are those two relation types?
one-to-one and many-to-one
What is the subtractive method?
difference between dif stages of mental processing can be determined by subtracting a simpler task that was part of a more complex task (A vs. A+B)
Give an example of the subtractive method.
basketball free throw, football passing
What is the limitation of the subtractive method?
assumption that a stage can be inserted or deleted without changing nature of other stages (What if the A becomes A’ when it is presented together with B?)
What is intake-rejection theory?
Direction of heart rate changes reflect organism’s intention to attend or reject environmental stimuli.
Provide an example to describe how intake-rejection theory can be used to predict the relationship between heart rate and self-paced sport performance.
Example: cardiac cycle and shooting (look at notes in lecture 3)
Intake-rejection theory: Cardiac deceleration is associated with…
intention to attend to external stimuli and fulfill the function of improving both the organism’s receptivity to afferent stimulation and its readiness to make effective responses
Intake-rejection theory: Cardiac acceleration is associated with…
Intention to reject sensory input bc external stimulus is unpleasant or task requires internal cognitive elaboration
What is the definition of sport and exercise psychophysiology?
a body of knowledge concerned with the inference of psychological processes and emotional states from an examination of physiological measures in the context of sport and exercise
What are the 2 types of research?
process and outcome
What is process research?
identification of the underlying causes of performance by continuously addressing the psychophysiological changes concurrently with relevant performance parameters during skill execution. Identify measures that are less obtrusive and can be used to great advantage with normal people, performance enhancement based off identified measures
What is outcome research?
evaluate intervention efficacy, use the identified psychophysiological measures to evaluate training effects
What does process research do?
Identifies psychophysiological measures that are less obtrusive and can be used to greater advantage w/ normal people
Use these identified psychophysiological measures as targets to be trained for performance enhancement (ex: use these measures to guide and train individuals to develop the ability to self-regulate the psychophysiological responses)
psychological domain
psi (Ψ)
physiological domain
phi (Φ)
What are the strengths of EEG in studying sport and exercise physiology?
High temporal resolution, non invasive, and low cost
What are the weaknesses of EEG in studying sport and exercise physiology?
superposition problem, inverse problem (poor spatial resolution), some sub-cortical activity cannot be easily captured at scalp surface, small signal-noise ratio requires repetition of task trials = longer testing time, difficult to measure prolonged cognitive processes
What theoretical positions support the idea that the arousal system is a directional and fractionated system?
Behavioral activating vs. behavioral inhibiting
Differentiation of emotion
Differentiation of anxiety
Centralist vs. peripheralist
What psychophysiological measures are derived from the central nervous system?
elements of functional neuroimaging (PET,fMRI)
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)
electroencephalogram (EEG)
What psychophysiological measures are derived from the peripheral nervous system?
Cardiovascular psychophysiology (regulated by both central and peripheral systems), electrodermal system (skin conductance level/response), respiratory system (frequency, volume, and duration), skeletomotor system (surface electromyography), gastrointestinal response, sexual response
What is the psychomotor efficiency hypothesis?
during preparatory period prior to skill execution, experts would demonstrate brain activity patterns associated with the final stage of automaticity (Fitts and Posner)
What are the 4 categories?
marker, outcome, concomitant, invariant
psychophysiological marker:
stable HR in relation to better cognition before free throw
psychophysiological outcome:
stable HR in better relation to emotion and attention before free throw
psychophysiological concomitant:
stable HR in relation to better emotion and attention before all types of skill execution
psychophysiological invariant:
stable HR in relation to better attention before all types of skill execution
example of psychomotor efficiency hypothesis:
Expert marksmen control attention early prior to shooting, but then this quickly drops out as they rely on visual-spatial processing. This suggests that they simplify the shooting process and rely on automaticity. They are “not thinking” while other areas of the brain are engaged (kinesthetic awareness and spatial processing)
example of intake-rejection theory:
elite shooters had much lower HR when they pulled the trigger compared to novice shooters; also shown in putting example
Note 
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