Chapter 4: Forces and Newton's Laws of Motion

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22 Terms

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Inertia

The natural tendency of an object to remain at rest or in motion at a constant speed along a straight line.

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Inertial reference frame

A non-accelerating frame of reference in which Newton’s Law of Inertia is valid (at rest or moving with constant velocity).

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Force

The push or pull required to change the state of motion of an object, as defined by Newton’s second law. A vector quantity, SI unit is Newtons (N)

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Net force

The vector sum of all forces acting on an object, a vector quantity.

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\sum F=ma

Equation for net force. Can also be divided into x and y components.

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The velocity of an object can not change and the object can not accelerate.

The results of no net force acting on an object

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Contact forces

Arise from physical contact.

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\dfrac{kg\cdot m}{s^{2}}

SI unit for the Newton (N)

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\dfrac{m}{s^{2}}

\dfrac{N}{kg} is equivalent to…

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Newton's First Law of Motion

An object will continue in a state of rest or in a state of motion at a constant speed along a straight line unless compelled to change that state by a net force greater than zero.

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Newton's Second Law of Motion

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. The equation is F = ma, where F is the net force, m is the mass, and a is the acceleration.

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Equilibrium

When the net force acting on an object is zero, it is in equilibrium and its velocity will not change.

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Newton's Third Law of Motion

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. When one object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object.

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Weight

Gravitational force that the earth (or other astronomical body) exerts on an object, always acts downwards, vector quantity, SI unit is the Newton.

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W=mg

The equation for weight

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Fundamental forces

The three fundamental forces are gravitational force, strong nuclear force, and electroweak force.

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Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

Every particle in the universe exerts an attractive force on every other particle. The force between two particles with masses m1 and m2 separated by a distance r is given by the equation F = G(m1m2/r^2), where F is the force, G is the universal gravitational constant, and r is the distance.

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Normal Force

The component of a contact force that is perpendicular to the surface that an object contacts. It indicates how hard two objects press against each other.

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Friction

The parallel force to a surface that opposes the motion or tendency of motion between two objects in contact.

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Tension Force

The force applied by means of cables or ropes used to pull an object.

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Equilibrium

Lack of change in the velocity of an object, where the object has zero acceleration.

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Non-Equilibrium

When the net force acting on an object is not zero, causing the object to accelerate.