Chapter 7: The Road to Revolution (1763-1775)

John Hancock

Prominent colonial merchant, statesman, and patriot during the Revolution

• born in 1737

Wealthy shipping business, Massachusetts governor

John Hancock had a ? and was the first ?

defiance, British rule, rallying support, Declaration of Independence, largest signature

John Hancock was a symbol of ? against ?

• central at ?

• signed the ? with the ?

Mercantilism

A dominant economic theory in Europe emphasizing building wealth (primarily gold and silver) through a favorable balance of trade

• from 16th to 18th centuries

• provided lots of raw materials to mother country

economic strength, export, import

Mercantilism stated that a country’s ? was partly in due to its ability to ? more than ? goods

trade policies, navigation laws, exploited

British mercantilism was manifested through many ? and ? that benefited Britain

• Colonists felt ?

tensions, colonists, British

Mercantilism was significantly influential in contributing to build ? between ? and ?

Sugar Act

A British law designed to raise revenue from the American colonies in 1764

• new taxes on sugar, coffee, molasses from foreign traders that weren’t England

• needed to repay war debts from 7 Years’ War

curb smuggling, French West Indies

The point of the Sugar Act was to ? and mainly reduce the trade between the colonists and the ?

• call back to mercantilism

colonial resentment, British rule, oppressed, representation

The Sugar Act was critical in creating ? against ?

• the colonists felt ? and had no ? over themselves

Townshend Acts

A series of British laws named after Charles Townshend designed to assert British authority and generate revenue in 1767

• need to repay war debts from 7 Years’ War

Charles Townshend

? was the Chancellor of the Exchequer, or royal treasury of England

colonial resentment, British rule, British military presence, colonial representation

The Townshend Acts were instrumental in building more ? against ?

• Colonists hated the resulting

  • Heightened ?

  • Lack of ?

Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty

Grassroots organizations formed in the colonies to protest British policies and advocate for independence

• founded in 1765

• mobilized British oppositions

unity, resistance

Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty were critical in building colonial ? and ?

Tea party, boycotting, homemade items

Some famous examples of the things the Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty did are

• Boston ?

• ? of British goods

• making ?

Quartering Act

British law requiring American colonists to provide housing and supplies for British soldiers stationed in the colonies

• 1st passed in 1765

• Renewed in 1774

Intolerable Acts

The Quartering Act was part of the ?

resented, abuse, colonial rights

The Quartering Act was deeply ? by the colonists and was seen as an ? of power

• infringement on ?

Boston Tea Party

A pivotal event in American history where a group of colonists (dressed as Mohawk Indians) dumped tea in the Boston Harbor to protest the unfair Tea Act in December 16, 1773

resistance, British East India Company, tensions

The Boston Tea Party was a symbol of colonial ?

• the ? suffered major financial losses

• further escalated ?

Quebec Act

A British law attempting to reorganize the government in Quebec in 1774

boundaries, accommodate, Ohio Valley

The Quebec Act attempted to extend Quebec’s ? and ? the French-speaking population

• Quebec territory was notably expanded into the ?

British control, colonial rights

The American colonists perceived the Quebec Act as an attempt to strengthen ? and undermine ?

Boston Massacre

Occurred on March 5, 1770 when British soldiers opened fired on a crowd of rioting colonists in Boston

• 5 men killed, several injured

occupation, taxes, threatened

During the Boston Massacre, the colonists were protesting the recent British ? and ?, and everything turned violent when the British soldiers felt ?

Paul Revere, Samuel Adams, British oppression

? and ? used the Boston Massacre as propaganda to rally support against the British

• powerful symbol of ?

Navigation Acts

A series of British laws designed to reroute colonial trade to only Britain starting in 1651

• even if the colonists wanted to trade with other countries, it had to go through England first

• mercantilism in the flesh

colonial resentment, economic independency

The Navigation Acts were pivotal in contributing to ? as the colonists desired ?

The Association

Part of the First Continental Congress to coordinate a unified response to British policies established in 1774

unified boycotts, economic pressure

The Association basically helped promote ? in order to create ?

resistance, unity, Continental Association of 1775

The Association was critical in organizing colonial ? and ?

• precursor to the ?

Stamp Act

A British law that imposed a direct tax on American documents in 1765

• newspapers, legal papers, licenses

protest, rights

The Stamp Act was met with extreme colonial ?

• seen as a violation of the colonists’ ?

Stamp Act Congress

A legislature created in October 1765 to petition against the Stamp Act

• gathered 9 colonial representatives

Unconstitutional, colonial resistance

The Stamp Act Congress declared the Stamp Act as ? and set the stage for future ?

Declaratory Act

An act passed by British Parliament in 1766 as the Stamp Act was repealed

• asserted Parliament’s authority over the American colonies

• right to make laws binding to all the colonies in all cases

reasserted, control, dominance, resentment, independence

The Declaratory Act ? British ? and ?

• fueled colonial ?

• threat to ?

Intolerable Acts

A series of punitive measures enacted by British Parliament in 1774 in response to colonial defiance

• also called the Coercive Acts

Port Act, Government Act, of Justice Act, Act

The acts included in the Intolerable Acts include

• Boston ?

• Massachusetts ?

• Administration ?

• Quartering ?

oppressive, outrage, First Continental Congress

The Intolerable Acts were seen as severely ? by the colonial and sparked widespread ?

• led to the creation of the ?

First Continental Congress

Created in Philadelphia in September 1774 as a response to the Intolerable Acts and other grievances

• brought together representatives from 12 of the 13 colonies (not Georgia)

Intolerable Acts

the First Continental Congress was in response to the ? and other grievances

colonial resistance, Second Continental Congress, petition, King George III

The First Continental Congress was pivotal in unifying ? and setting the stage for the ?

• a ? was sent to ?

Committees of Correspondence

American networks established in the 1760s-1770s to facilitate communication and coordination among the colonies about British policies and colonial resistance

political infrastructure, independence, protests, boycotts

The Committees of Correspondence created ? necessary for American ?

• key role in ? and ?