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what does the renal artery do?
carries oxygenated blood to kidneys
what does renal vein do?
carrys deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys
what does the cortex contain
glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule
what does the medulla contain
loop of henle and collecting duct
what is the renal pelvis
where the urter joins the kidneys
what is a nephron
functional unit of the kidney
what is the glomerulus
complex network of capillaries divided from the renal artery
what blood vessel supplies the glomerulus
afferent arteriole - wide
what blood vessel leaves the glomerulus
efferent arteriole - narrow
what happens as a result of the change of diameter in the blood vessel
build up of hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus which causes small molecules (H20, glucose, urea) to pass into basement membrane. Large molecules (blood cells and protein) stay in capillaries
what is the glomerular filtration rate
the rate at which the kidneys are filtering out the blood
things that resist the movement of the filtrate out the gloerulus
capillary endothethial cells
connective tissue of the blood capillary
epithelial cells of renal capsule
hydrostatic pressure of fluid in the renal space
adaptation to overcome resistance
podocytes - spaces between capsule the allows filtrate to pass beneath
endothelium of glomerular capillaries has spaces between so fluid passes between not through
how is glucose reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
Na+ are actively transported out of epithelial cells into blood which carries them away, reducing concentration of Na+ in epithelial cells.
Na+ ions diffuse via facilitated diffusion down conc. gradient from lumen of pct into epithelial cells using a carrier protein
glucose is co-transported with Na+
Glucose travels into blood capillary via facilitated diffusion
adaptations of the proximal convuluted tubule
microvilli to increase surface area
high amount of mitochondria to provide ATP for active transport
infoldings at their base to give them a large surface area for absorbance
properties of descending loop of henle
narrow, thin and permeable to H20
properties of ascending loop of henle
wide, thick and impermeable to H20
process at loop of henle
Na+ ions actively transported out of ALOH
lowers water potential of the interstitial fluid
water moves out of DLOH via osmosis and carried away with blood capillaries , filtrate looses more water down DLOH
Base of ALOH, filtrate is most conc. Na+ ions diffuse out.
Filtrate travels up loosing more Na+, increasing water potential
Down collecting duct water leaves via osmosis as there is a water potential gradient
what is the countercurrent multiplier
even though the filtrate is becoming more concentrated down the collecting duct so is the interstitial fluid so there is always a water potential gradient
adaptations of distal convoluted tubule
loads of microvilli and mitochondria
reabsorbs material rapidly via active transport
why would water potential of blood be low
too little H20
lots of sweating
lots of salt in the diet
what does the body do if water potential of blood is low
low wp detected by osmoreceptors (shrink)
causes the hypothalamus to produce ADH
ADH passes to posterior pituitary glad and is secreted into blood capillary’s
kidney: ADH binds to specific receptors in walls of DCT and CD, this activates phosphorylase
vesicles that contain lots of aquaporin fuse with membrane
increase permeability of DCT and CD
ADH also increase permeability to urea to lower wp
why does urine become more concentrated if your dehydrated
permeability of membrane increases so more water is absorbed from distal convoluted tubule so there is a smaller volume of urine causing it to become more concentrated
where are osmosreceptors found
hypothalamus
what does ADH stand for
anti-diuretic hormone
what happens if your water potential of blood is too high
osmoreceptors increase frequency of impulses to your posterior pituitary gland to release less ADH
less ADH binds to specific receptors
less phosphorylase is activated
less vesicles containing aquaporins fuse with membrane
lower permeability to H2O of DCT and CD so less H20 absorbed
where is urea produceD
liver, from an excess of amino acids
what is deamination
the amino group is removed from amino acid to make the useful energy accessible
NH2 combines with H (ammonia)
ammonia is highly soluble in blood and toxic (dissolves in blood, ammonium hydroxide)
Ammonia + CO2 = urea