osmoregulation

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28 Terms

1
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what does the renal artery do?

carries oxygenated blood to kidneys

2
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what does renal vein do?

carrys deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys

3
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what does the cortex contain

glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule

4
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what does the medulla contain

loop of henle and collecting duct

5
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what is the renal pelvis

where the urter joins the kidneys

6
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what is a nephron

functional unit of the kidney

7
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what is the glomerulus

complex network of capillaries divided from the renal artery

8
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what blood vessel supplies the glomerulus

afferent arteriole - wide

9
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what blood vessel leaves the glomerulus

efferent arteriole - narrow

10
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what happens as a result of the change of diameter in the blood vessel

build up of hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus which causes small molecules (H20, glucose, urea) to pass into basement membrane. Large molecules (blood cells and protein) stay in capillaries

11
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what is the glomerular filtration rate

the rate at which the kidneys are filtering out the blood

12
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things that resist the movement of the filtrate out the gloerulus

capillary endothethial cells

connective tissue of the blood capillary

epithelial cells of renal capsule

hydrostatic pressure of fluid in the renal space

13
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adaptation to overcome resistance

podocytes - spaces between capsule the allows filtrate to pass beneath

endothelium of glomerular capillaries has spaces between so fluid passes between not through

14
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how is glucose reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

Na+ are actively transported out of epithelial cells into blood which carries them away, reducing concentration of Na+ in epithelial cells.

Na+ ions diffuse via facilitated diffusion down conc. gradient from lumen of pct into epithelial cells using a carrier protein

glucose is co-transported with Na+

Glucose travels into blood capillary via facilitated diffusion

15
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adaptations of the proximal convuluted tubule

microvilli to increase surface area

high amount of mitochondria to provide ATP for active transport

infoldings at their base to give them a large surface area for absorbance

16
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properties of descending loop of henle

narrow, thin and permeable to H20

17
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properties of ascending loop of henle

wide, thick and impermeable to H20

18
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process at loop of henle

Na+ ions actively transported out of ALOH

lowers water potential of the interstitial fluid

water moves out of DLOH via osmosis and carried away with blood capillaries , filtrate looses more water down DLOH

Base of ALOH, filtrate is most conc. Na+ ions diffuse out.

Filtrate travels up loosing more Na+, increasing water potential

Down collecting duct water leaves via osmosis as there is a water potential gradient

19
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what is the countercurrent multiplier

even though the filtrate is becoming more concentrated down the collecting duct so is the interstitial fluid so there is always a water potential gradient

20
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adaptations of distal convoluted tubule

loads of microvilli and mitochondria

reabsorbs material rapidly via active transport

21
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why would water potential of blood be low

too little H20

lots of sweating

lots of salt in the diet

22
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what does the body do if water potential of blood is low

low wp detected by osmoreceptors (shrink)

causes the hypothalamus to produce ADH

ADH passes to posterior pituitary glad and is secreted into blood capillary’s

kidney: ADH binds to specific receptors in walls of DCT and CD, this activates phosphorylase

vesicles that contain lots of aquaporin fuse with membrane

increase permeability of DCT and CD

ADH also increase permeability to urea to lower wp

23
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why does urine become more concentrated if your dehydrated

permeability of membrane increases so more water is absorbed from distal convoluted tubule so there is a smaller volume of urine causing it to become more concentrated

24
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where are osmosreceptors found

hypothalamus

25
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what does ADH stand for

anti-diuretic hormone

26
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what happens if your water potential of blood is too high

osmoreceptors increase frequency of impulses to your posterior pituitary gland to release less ADH

less ADH binds to specific receptors

less phosphorylase is activated

less vesicles containing aquaporins fuse with membrane

lower permeability to H2O of DCT and CD so less H20 absorbed

27
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where is urea produceD

liver, from an excess of amino acids

28
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what is deamination

the amino group is removed from amino acid to make the useful energy accessible

NH2 combines with H (ammonia)

ammonia is highly soluble in blood and toxic (dissolves in blood, ammonium hydroxide)

Ammonia + CO2 = urea