quizzes test 3

test 3

Nutrients absorbed from the lumen of the digestive tract will enter the blood through blood capillaries or lymph through lymph capillaries in what histologic layer of the digestive tract wall? There are an abundance of blood capillaries and lymph capillaries in this layer of tissue. 

lamina propria

Through which nerves do parasympathetic neurons come to influence the enteric nervous system function?

sacral spinal nerves and vagus nerve

Which fold of the peritoneum attaches the small intestine to the posterior wall of the abdomen and brings blood vessels to supply blood, lymphatic vessels to drain fluid, and nerves of the ANS to the small intestine?

mesentery

Saliva is primarily water with a multitude of other secreted substances. What substance in saliva begins chemical digestion of starches in the food bolus while it is in the mouth and upper GI tract including the pharynx, esophagus and fundus of the stomac

salivary amylase

Within the stomach mucosa, which type of cell secretes hydrogen ions and chloride ions into the lumen of the stomach? These ions build to form hydrochloric acid creating the acidic environment of the stomach lumen. 

parietal cells

If a cavity forms in a tooth and penetrates through the entire depth of the enamel what structure or passageway allows for direct access from the external environment of our mouth the the internal environment of the pulp where nerves and blood vessels will be found?

dentinal tubules

Which structure of the tooth makes up the majority of the mass of the tooth?

dentin

A single substance, such as norepinephrine, can be both a neurotransmitter and a hormone. 

True

What does it mean if a hormone has paracrine function?

The hormone is secreted from a cell into interstitial fluid and binds to a receptor of a neighboring cell causing a response.

Endocrine glands secrete the substance they produce into ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities, lumens of organs, or to the surface of the body.  t/f

false

Which hormones are produced or synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitay?

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

oxytocin

Often multiple hormones may have an effect on the same target cell. For example, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin both have an effect on osteoclasts. In this case, what is the relationship between these two hormones as they relate to their effects on osteoclasts?

They are antagonistic

Where are glucocorticoids such as cortisol produced and secreted as a hormone?

adrenal cortex: zona fasciculata

Which hormone causes an increase in sodium levels resulting in higher total body water content? This leads to higher blood volume and higher blood pressure. 

aldosterone

Which hormone causes mammary glands to produce milk? 

Prolactin

What type of cells produce insulin?

 

Beta cells of the pancreas

If thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, rise in the blood what effect does this have on thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)? 

 

they decrease

If the insulin level increases in the blood and the glucagon level decreases in the blood, what will happen to the blood glucose level?

 

It will decrease

The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla. What is the control mechanism causing the release of these hormones?

 

Sympathetic stimulation from the autonomic nervous system

Which one of the following hormones is involved in a positive feedback loop? 

 

oxytocin

What region of the brain plays a major role in endocrine function, serving as a link between the nervous system and endocrine system?

hypothalamus

List four regions of the stomach

Cardia 

Fundus 

Body

Pyloric canal 

List three regions of the small intestine

Duodenum 

Jejenum 

Ileum

Which two organs produce and secrete a substance that drains through ducts and enters into the duodenum to aid in digestion?

Liver and pancreas

What cartilaginous structure allows the larynx to be open while breathing but blocks the entrance to the larynx when swallowing?

epiglottis

What are the functions of the conducting zone of the respiratory tract?

Conduct air from the external environment and filter, warm, and moisten air going to lungs 

There are two types of cartilage attached to the true vocal folds or vocal cords. They are a single non-moving cartilage on the anterior side of the vocal cords and a pair of cartilage structures that are movable on the posterior side. What are they?

Cricoid and artynoid