AP Test #2

persecutory delusions

schizophrenia delusion that is the belief that one is going to be harmed, harassed, and so forth by an individual, organization, or other group

persecutory

most common type of delusion in schizophrenia

referential delusions

schizophrenia delusion that is the belief that certain gestures, comments, environmental cues, and so forth are directed at oneself

grandiose delusions

schizophrenia delusion when an individual believes that he or she has exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame

erotomanic delusions

schizophrenia delusion when an individual believes falsely that another person is in love with him or her

nihilistic delusions

schizophrenia delusion that are the conviction that a major catastrophe will occur

somatic delusions

schizophrenia delusion that are preoccupations regarding health and organ function

delusions

Fixed (incorrect) beliefs that can’t be changed when conflicting evidence is provided

positive symptoms

presence of symptoms in schizophrenia

negative symptoms

absence of things in schizophrenia

positive symptoms

What do you need at least one of to be diagnosed with schizophrenia?

false

true or false:

you need a negative symptom to be diagnosed with schizophrenia

catatonia

schizophrenia symptoms that may involve staying still, fast or strange movements, lack of speech, and other unusual behavior, rigidity or inflexibility of the limbs

bizarre delusions

schizophrenia delusion characterized by thought withdrawal thought insertion, and delusions of control

thought withdrawal

bizarre delusion that is the belief that one's thoughts have been "removed" by some outside force

thought insertion

bizarre delusion that is the belief that alien thoughts have been put into one's mind

delusions of control

bizarre delusion that is the belief that one's body or actions are being acted on or manipulated by some outside force

hallucinations

schizophrenia symptom that is perception-like experiences that occur without an external stimulus

auditory

most common type of schizophrenia hallucination

auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, gustatory

types of hallucinations

repeated traumas such as interpersonal violence

What types of traumatic exposure usually lead to more severe, chronic, or complex symptoms?

reinforces worries/danger/fear bc the person learns a relationship between avoiding trauma triggers and safety/ cannot learn that environments are safe

How might avoidance play out in a person with PTSD?

psychosis

difficulty with reality-testing

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking or speech

psychosis can take the form of...

true

true or false:

It is possible to have psychotic symptoms/experience “psychosis” and not be schizophrenic

reality testing

identifying difference between internal and external world,
identifying what is real/objectively true

Schizoaffective disorder

schizophrenia differential diagnosis that requires that a person experience a mood episode concurrently with an active phase episode of psychosis AND delusions/hallucinations for 2+ weeks in the absence of mood symptoms

Schizotypal personality disorder

schizophrenia differential diagnosis that has subthreshold symptoms that are associated with persistent personality features

Major depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic or catatonic features

schizophrenia differential diagnosis that requires delusions or hallucinations occur exclusively during a major depressive or manic episode

antipsychotic medications

treatment for schizophrenia is mainly ...

extrapyramidal side effects and tardive dyskinesia

schizophrenia medication side effects

extrapyramidal side effects

involuntary movement abnormalities; resemble Parkinson’s from schizophrenia medications

tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movement of lips and tongue from schizophrenia medications

Dissociative identity disorder

Disruption of identity characterized by 2 or more distinct personality states

sociocultural and psychodynamic/trauma-based perspectives

etiological perspectives of DID

sociocultural perspective

perspective of DID that claims it comes about because of the influence of mass media causes people to develop dissociative symptoms

Psychodynamic/Trauma-Based perspective

perspective of DID that claims it comes about because of repeated exposure to childhood trauma results in development of distinct personality states

-moderate or greater impairment in functioning
-one or more pathological traits
-impairments relatively inflexible and pervasive across situations
-early onset, stable across time

general criteria of personality disorders

cluster a- eccentric, cluster b- erratic, cluster c- fearful

what are the clusters of personality disorders?

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

what are the personality disorders of cluster A?

histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, borderline

what are the personality disorders of cluster B?

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

what are the personality disorders of cluster C?

paranoid

personality disorder characterized as being suspicious of others; sees self as blameless; on guard for attacks by others

schizoid

personality disorder characterized as having inability and lack of desire to form attachments to others (can appear similar to Autism)

schizotypal

personality disorder characterized as having peculiar thought patterns; oddities of perception and speech (can appear similar to schizophrenia; considered the milder version)

histrionic

personality disorder characterized as self-dramatization; intense concern with attractiveness; outbursts when they can’t receive attention

narcissistic

personality disorder characterized as grandiosity; self-promoting; lacking empathy

antisocial

personality disorder characterized as having a lack of empathy or remorse

borderline

personality disorder characterized as having a lack of stable sense of self

avoidant

personality disorder characterized as having hypersensitivity to rejection; shyness; insecurity in social life

dependent

personality disorder characterized as having discomfort being alone; subordinates to the need of others; indecisiveness

obsessive-compulsive

personality disorder characterized as having marked inflexibility and need for control

paranoid, schizoid, and antisocial

males are more likely to be diagnosed with which personality disorders?

borderline, histrionic, and dependent

females are more likely to be diagnosed with which personality disorders?

odd thinking and eccentric behavior

cluster A's defining characteristics

dramatic and erratic behavior

cluster B's defining characteristics

true

true or false: narcissism is more often diagnosed in men

severe anxiety and fear

cluster C's defining characteristics

borderline

which personality disorder is most likely to seek treatment?

antisocial PD

When we think of personality disorders, which disorder most likely, or most pervasively has a lack of regard for others?

dialectical behavior therapy

DBT stands for what?

DBT

The need for clients to accept themselves as they are AND the need for them to change is a central idea for what form of therapy?

borderline PD

DBT was created for _____________, but has also been effective for other disorders and for people vulnerable to suicidal ideation and non-suicidal self-injury

mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, distress tolerance, emotional regulation

what are the 4 core skills used in DBT?

mindfulness

1 of the four core skills in DBT: nonjudgmentally present in the moment

interpersonal effectiveness

1 of the four core skills in DBT: productive communication and healthy relationships

distress tolerance

1 of the four core skills in DBT: skills to use in crises and painful moments

emotion regulation

1 of the four core skills in DBT: understanding, describing and coping with emotions across situations

gender dysphoria

Incongruence between one’s experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender, of at least 6 months’ duration

preference for toys stereotypically for the other gender and playmates of other gender, dislike of one's sexual anatomy, strong desire for secondary sex characteristics that match one's experienced gender, rejection of stereotypical toys for assigned sex

gender dysphoria in children requires at least six of the following characteristics

2

gender dysphoria in adolescents and adults require at least how many other criteria?

true

True or false:
trans and gender dysphoria are NOT synonymous

minority stress model

what is the hypothesis that explains why rates of mental illness are higher in the gender dysphoria population?

minority stress model

Stigma, prejudice, and discrimination create stressful environments that damage mental health

distal

external stressors

proximal

internal stressors

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

what is the typical sexual response cycle?

sexual dysfunctions

-Involve issues with desire, arousal, and/or orgasm
-Pain associated with sex can lead to additional dysfunction

present for 6+ months and impairment or distress

general requirements for sexual dysfunctions

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

male sexual dysfunction characterized by little or no interest in any sexual activity and must be distressing

erectile disorder

male sexual dysfunction, problem is not with desire, but rather with arousal due to stress, anxiety, depression, loss of interest, etc.

erectile disorder

Most common sexual dysfunction for which men seek treatment

premature ejaculation

most common sexual disorder in young males

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

female sexual dysfunction characterized by
-Lack of or significantly reduced sexual interest/arousal
-Reduced pleasure during sexual encounters

Female Orgasmic Disorder

female sexual dysfunction characterized by
-Marked delay, absence, or decreased intensity of orgasm in almost all sexual encounters
-Never or almost never reach orgasm
-Not explained by relationship distress or other stressors

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder

female sexual dysfunction characterized by
-Difficulty with vaginal penetration during intercourse
-Associated with pain, fear/anxiety about pain, and/or tensing of pelvic floor muscles
-Pain is so severe and interfering that sexual behavior is affected

negative feedback loop: negative thoughts/feelings → less enjoyable experiences → negative associations with sex → more negative thoughts/feelings

Why can sexual dysfunction sometimes be a “self-fulfilling prophecy?”

increased psychopathology in folks with sexual or gender minority identities

What does the Minority Stress Model help explain?

when to provide a referral letter for treatment

What is one ethical concern related to treatment of gender dysphoria?

neurocognitive disorders

decline from previously attained level of cognitive function, characterized by damage to nerve cells in the brain

true

true or false

neurocognitive disorders can be reversible or irreversible

delirium

state of acute brain failure characterized by disturbances in attention/awareness or concentration and cognitive function

following surgery, drug intoxication or withdrawal, sleep-wake cycle disturbances

common causes of delirium

major neurocognitive disorder

Significant cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains

age

biggest risk factor for major neurocognitive disorder

Alzheimer's Disease

Progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease that is the most common cause of dementia

traumatic brain injury

concussions, lack of oxygen to the brain, some injury to the brain that results in symptoms

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Brain degeneration caused by multiple head traumas

true

true or false:

CTE can only be formally diagnosed after death

specific learning disorders

Gap between cognitive abilities and academic achievement