Dictatorship remodelled and the transformation to democracy (4)

What was the impact of the Treaty of Madrid in 1953?

Money was only spent within Spain, leading to limited impact and too much currency in circulation.

What was the average inflation rate in Spain from 1956 to 1969?

20% yearly.

What was the unemployment rate in Spain by the end of the decade?

35%.

What did the working class and students demand in 1957?

Economic reforms with less government restrictions.

Who was Jose Luis de Arese?

A leading Falangist who argued for full-blown fascism and more control to solve economic problems.

What happened to Morocco in 1956?

It was granted independence from Spain, which was seen as humiliating.

What led to the decline of the Falange?

Unwillingness to compromise, extreme views, falling membership, and losing touch with society.

What significant change did Franco make in February 1957 regarding the Falange?

He demoted Falange cabinet members.

What was the name change Franco made in 1970?

From National Syndicalist State to National Movement.

Who were the technocrats in Spain?

Alberto Calvo and Mariano Rubio, who advocated for a free market system.

What was the result of Franco opening up the Spanish economy in July 1959?

Liberalisation of price levels, increased competition, and reduced state controls.

What was the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Spain from 1959 to 1973?

FDI grew from 3.9 billion pesetas to 105 billion.

What percentage of FDI in Spain came from the US by 1973?

40%.

What was the average income trend in Spain throughout the 1960s?

It tripled.

What was the percentage of people who owned a TV in Spain in 1960 compared to 1975?

1% in 1960 and 89% in 1975.

What was the impact of abolishing visas in 1959?

It made it easier for foreign visitors to travel to Spain.

How many foreign visitors came to Spain in 1975?

30 million.

What was the economic impact of the tourist industry created by 1975?

A $3.5 billion industry.

What was the effect of tourism on traditional Spanish culture?

Western European values influenced culture, causing concern among traditional conservatives.

What was the female participation in the workforce by 1974?

It had doubled since 1950, making up 30% of the workforce.

How did the Yom Kippur War in 1973 affect Spain's economy?

It caused economic growth to stall and slowed Spanish emigration.

What was the average life expectancy in Spain by 1975?

73 years.

What was the percentage of the Spanish population employed in tourism by 1975?

40%.

What was the trend in education spending in the 1960s?

It overtook military spending.

What was the change in illiteracy rates in Spain from 1960 to 1970?

It almost halved from 11% to 6%.

What was the increase in the number of universities in Spain from the 1950s to 1970?

Universities almost doubled from 12 to 22.

What percentage of students were female by 1970?

One-third of all students were female.

Which country had the second most cinema seats per capita in the world during the 1950s?

Spain.

What percentage of men and women smoked in Spain in 1971?

¾ of men and ½ of women.

What was the ownership percentage of radios among teenagers in Spain by 1971?

82% of teenagers owned a radio.

Which event did Spain win in 1968?

Eurovision.

What was the impact of tourism on rural farming communities in Spain?

Farming and rural communities were unaffected by the tourist boom.

What was the income level of farmers in rural Andalusia compared to the European average?

20% of the European average.

What was the percentage of government road investment received by rural areas?

12%.

What was the wealth distribution in Spain compared to the UK?

The richest 1% owned 22% of wealth in Spain, compared to 11% in the UK.

How many empty luxury flats were there in Madrid?

50,000 empty luxury flats.

What was banned by censorship in Spain?

Anything with a left-wing theme, sexual content, or blasphemy.

When was state TV (TVE) established in Spain?

1956.

What was the outcome of Spain's rejection from the EEC in 1962?

Franco had to prove to European nations they deserved a place in the EEC.

What did the Law of Associations in 1964 permit?

Formation of small groups and organizations.

What did the 1966 Press Act allow newspapers to do?

Appoint their own editors and publish stories without prior censorship.

What was the significance of the 1967 Organic Law?

Created a new office for 'Chief of Government' independent of the Head of State.

What did the July 1967 Religious Freedoms Act achieve?

Weakened Catholic dominance and legalized civil marriages.

What was the status of abortion and contraception in Spain during this period?

Both remained illegal.

What was the estimated number of back street abortions in 1974?

300,000 back street abortions.

What was the response of factory workers in Spain during the 1970s?

They wanted improved pay and economic conditions.

What was the main demand of university students in the 1970s?

Democratic reforms and support for Marxist radicalism.

What was the Basque Homeland and Freedom (ETA) formed for?

To demand the independence of the Basque region.

What significant event occurred on 20th November 1975?

Franco died.

When did Juan Carlos succeed Franco?

22nd November 1975.

What was the outcome of the first elections held in Spain in 1977?

80% turnout with 200 political parties registered.

What was ratified on 31st October 1978?

The Constitution of Spain.

What key social rights were established by the 1978 Constitution?

Abolition of the death penalty, full electoral voting rights, and religious freedoms.