𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘨𝘦𝘰𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘱𝘩𝘺 𝘶𝘯𝘪𝘵

political geography

study of patterns and methods humans have used to organize claims to portions of the Earth’s surface

country

an identifiable land area // ex. great britian

nation

population with a single culture, same as culture group // ex. england

nation-state

single culture under single gov. // ex. Japan, North Korea, China

state

population under a single government, sovereign territory // ex. United Kingdom

sovereignty

fully independent from outside control, holds territory, and that it has international recognition

sovereignty disputes

when two or more states claim and area which often result in diplomatic tensions // ex. South China Sea & other countries like Philippines fighting over ocean territory

territory

under the jurisdiction of a state but how not yet gained full rights of being part of the state

frontier

zone where no state exercises political control. unexplored or unsurveyed

boundaries

limit the jurisdiction and authority of one entity in favor of another

political borders

represent the spatial limits of a political organization

boundary demarcation

clear markings of boundaries

supra-national scale

organizations that transcend boundaries of multiple countries

state scale

political division of the Earth’s surface among diff. countries // ex. countries

intrastate

further division of a state into smaller entities // provinces in china

physical boundaries

uses natural landforms to create separation

geometric borders

ignores physical borders (generally), unrelated to culture; straight lines. *alogn lines of latitude and longitude*

ethnic borders

attempt to reflect the cultural diff. of the people living in a particular area

religious/language borders

divide diff. religous groups or language families

antecedent boundary

boundary already existed then people settled, created cultural landscape without regard of the boundaries // ex. Canada & America 49th Parallel Boundary

subsequent boundary

boundary established after a settlement settles there; attempts to accommodate cultural differences. It’s adjusted as cultural landscape changes // ex. Europe boundaries and how they sort of reflect diff. nations

relict boundary

former state boundaries that still have political or cultural meaning

superimposed boundary

political boundary placed by powerful outsiders on developed human landscape

definition (borders)

boundary agreed upon and set

delimitation (borders)

drawn on map

demarcated (borders)

when markers place on the troground to show where borders lie. wall, sign, etc.

fortified boundary

creation of walls/barriers to either prevent foreigners from getting in, por its citizens from getting out

maritime boundaries

division of diff. claims to the oceans around the shores of the country

definitional border disputes

border treaties are interpreted two diff. ways by states

locational border disputes

when border moves, like a river changing course or a lake drying up

operational border disputes

borders are agreed on, but passage across border is a problem

allocational border disputes

resource lies on two sides of border. who gets what?

enclave

territories completely surrounded by another country that are ethnically/culturally diff. // ex. ethnic neighborhoods, Quebec, etc.

exclave

regions that are geographically separated from the rest of the country but not wholly surrounded by one state // ex. alaska

compact

shape without irregularity // ex. colorado

fragmented

broken into pieces, archipelagos // ex. philippines

elongated

appreads stretched out, long // ex. chile

prorupt

has panhandle or peninsula // ex. italy

perforated

a state that completely surrounds another state. // ex. Italy surrounding Vatican

landlocked

has no sea or ocean borders // ex. switzerland

gerrymandering

changes and redistributes the representative count for each state. This is done to influence more power on the elections.

supra-national organizations

organizations that extend beyond the borders of three of more states that seeks to promote economic, political, or cultural unity between members

collective security union

members who work together to provide mutual defense for one another against outside aggresors

hyper-nationalism

extreme nationalism, the belief in the superiority of one’s nation and of the paramount importance of advancing it

supernationalism

concept of two ore more sovereign states aligned together for a common purpose

genocide

Intended killing a group of people, especially those of specific ethnic group or nation. term phrased in 1944 as a way to describe German actions against Jews in World War II.

ethnic cleansing

when a people group commits mass expulsion or mass killing of a particular ethnic group whom they do not want to exist either in a particular region or in the world as a whole.

self-determination

their ight or desire for a nation, or group of people, to govern themselves

multinational state

state that has more than one nation within its borders // ex. Canada

multistate nation

nation that is spread across multiple sovereign states // ex. Kurdish population, Basques

stateless nation

a nation that has a history of self-determination but does not have a recognized state // kurds, basques, etc

autonomous regions

certain parts of certain nations (same culture, no sovereignty) have freedom from central authority. // ex. basque region has governs themselves, Native Ameican reservations

semi-autonomous regions

geographic area that is controlled by another state, but only has a moderate degree of self governance.

colonialism

practice of acquiring territories and settling there to exert political, economic, and social control over the area

imperialism

idea of growing a state or empire by exerting force over other nations to gain economic and political power without establishing settlements

devolution

transfer of power from a national govt. to regional govt.

territoriality

expression of political control over a space

neocolonialism

contemporary form of colonialism, based on economic control // ex. China being an investor of Africa for power along with China investing in Greenland’s airports for resources

shatterbelts

areas where they are in between conflict of other countries

chokepoint

strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region

cracking

process of spreading like-minded voters out across multiple districts

packing

process of stacking like-minded voters into just a few districts to reduce the impact of their vote in other districts

unitary state

power is located in the central or national govt. // ex. china

federal state

power is shared BETWEEN national govt. and regional govt. // ex. USA

devolution

transfer of power from a national govt. to regional govt.

irredentism

a movement by a nation to unite other parts of its nation that are located in another state // russia where groups are seeking independence or annexation by neighboring sovereign state that’s cuturally similar

democratization

process through which a political regime becomes more democratic

hotelling model

theory that describes competition with market when they located themselves right by eachother

ratzel’s organic theory

nations behave like living organisms and seek to expand their territories in order to ensure their survival

expatriate

citizens living outside of their borders

aristocracy

royals having power

absolute monarchy

head of state and head of government. meaning has full power. // ex. saudi arabia, brunei, morocco

constitutional monarchy

supreme aristocrat remains head of state, leaders of elected parliament is head of gov., with integrated legislative and executive powers.

free market economy

elected representative systems. democracy. people have a say.

republics

free of aristocracy or monarchal control. full *under* the control of the *common people*

separation of powers

legislative, executive, judicial power

centripetal forces

factors that hold together the social and political fabric of a state

centrifugal forces

factors that tear apart social and political fabric of state

buffer states

lands that would protect them by creating a surrounding bugger of sympathetic countries

satellite states

controlled independent states by other huge power in the times of conflicts

terrorism

planned violent attacks on people and places to prove fear and cause a change in gov. policy

state terrorism

when govs. use violence and intimidation to control their own people

sovereignty

political authority of a state to govern itself. // ex. America & Britian

to gain statehood, it needs to have (4)

• have a defined territory with permanent population and functional govt.

• declare and effectively gain independence

• gain recognition from established states as sovereign state

• join the UN General Assembly

process of boundaries (3)

1. defined - boundary agreed upon and set

2. delimited - drawn on map

3. demarcated - wall, sign, etc.

united nations conference on the law of seas (unclos)

proposed standard oceanic boundaires for UN states

territorial sea

area of sea from shore out to 12-nautircal miles all laws of the country applies

exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

exclusive economic rights from shore out to 200 nautical miles a sate controls all aspects of natural resource exploration and extraction. only applies to natural resources, not all laws of country

high seas

international seas. outside 12 mile limit. admiralty law is applied.

admiralty law

part of international law that dictates legal procedures on high seas.

beyond the 200 mile nautical mile limit, international fishing fleets…

….are not regulated

international whaling commission

whale hunts banned

UN (united nations) goal

allows member states to discuss and fix world problems

World Trade Organization

org of UN. trying to eliminate trade barriers worldwide + trade disputes; but not really effective

World Bank

org. of UN. provides loans to developing nations for capital improvements

UN Peacekeeprs

org. of UN. responsible for dividing opposing forces and providing peace and stability until a peace treaty can be made

OPEC (org of petroleum exporting coutries)

coordination of oil production to ensure the stability of the market. countries included are Iran, iraq, Qatar, Libia, etc.

NATO (north atlantic treaty org)

military org. originally meant to counter threat of Soviet union and Warsaw Pact. Now a counter threat to Russia and China

EU (european union) purpose

diplomacy and efficiency in europe

IMF (world bank and international monetary fund)

government loans org