chapter 10

an/o

anus

bil/i

bile, gall

cec/o

blind intestine, cecum

chol/e

bile, gall

choledoch/o

common bile duct

col/o, colon/o

colon

cyst/o

bladder, sac

dent/o

teeth

duoden/o

twelve, duodenum

enter/o

small intestine

esophag/e, esophag/o

gullet, esophagus

gastr/o

stomach

gingiv/o

gums

gloss/o

tongue

hepat/o

liver

ile/o

to roll, ileum

jejun/o

jejunum (empty)

lingu/o

tongue

or/o

mouth

pancreat/o

sweetbread, pancreas

peps/o, pept/o

digestion

peritone/o, periton/o

peritoneum (to stretch over)

proct/o

anus and rectum

pylor/o

pylorus

rect/o

rectum

sial/o

saliva

sigm/o

the letter s, sigmoid colon

stomat/o

mouth

flux/o

flow

halit/o

breath

phag/o

eat, swallow

steat/o

fat

cheil/o

lip

cholecyst/o

gallbladder

cirrh/o

orange-yellow

col/o

colon

diverticul/o

diverticulum

lith/o

stone

orex/o

appetite

parot/o

parotid gland

pept/o

digestion

polyp/o

small growth

volv/o

roll, turn

appendic/o, append/o

appendix; small structure hanging from a larger structure

fec/o

feces; stool

lapar/o

abdomen

vag/o

vagus nerve

Microbiota

the term for the microbes that are normally present in and on the human body; usually beneficial

aphagia

without swallowing

ascites

accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

constipation

Hard, slow stools that are difficult to eliminate

diarrhea

frequent passage of loose, watery stools

dyspepsia

difficult digestion; indigestion

dysphagia

condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful

flatus; flatulence

air or gas in the intestine that is passed through the anus

gastrodynia

pain in the stomach

halitosis

foul-smelling breath

hematemesis

Very large amounts of blood in the vomit

hepatomegaly

abnormal enlargement of the liver

jaundice

yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an accumulation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood

nausea

unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit

reflux

abnormal backward flow of material in the GI tract

steatorrhea

fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

appendicitis

inflammation of the vermiform appendix

bulimia

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

cheilitis

Inflammation and cracking of the lips and corners of the mouth due to infection, allergies, or nutritional deficiency

Cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones

choledochitis

inflammation of the common bile duct

choledocholithiasis

condition of stones in the common bile duct

cholethiasis

condition of gallstones

cirrhosis

chronic degenerative disease of the liver

cleft palate

congenitally malformed palate with a fissure along the midline

colitis

inflammation of the colon (large intestine)

colon cancer

a malignant tumor of the colon

colorectal cancer

adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both

Crohn's disease

a chronic autoimmune disorder that is most often found in the ileum and in the colon

diverticulosis

the presence of a number of diverticula in the colon

Diverticula

abnormal side pockets in the intestinal wall

duodenal ulcer

an ulcer, or erosion, in the wall of the duodenum of the small intestine

dysentry

infection of the intestines resulting in severe diarrhea with the presence of blood and mucus in the feces.

enteritis

inflammation of the intestine (especially the small intestine)

esophagitis

inflammation of the esophagus caused by acid reflux

esophagomalacia

morbid softening of the esophageal wall

food borne illness

an illness caused by eating or drinking a food that contains a toxin or disease causing microorganism

Botulism

Clostridium botulinum, food poisoning

gastrectasis

abnormal stretching or dilation of the stomach

gastric cancer

malignant tumor of the stomach

gastric ulcer

ulcer located in the stomach

gastritis

inflammation of the lining of the stomach

gastroenteritis

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines

gastroenterocolitis

inflammation of the stomach, small intestine, and colon all at once

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus

Barrett's esophagus

glandular metaplasia of distal esophagus; due to GERD

gastromalacia

softening of the lining of the stomach

Giardiasis

infection by the intestinal protazoa Giardia lamblia

gingivitis

Inflammation of the gingiva

glossitis

inflammation of the tongue

malignant hepatoma

a tumor arising from cells within the liver; aka hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

hiatal hernia

hernia resulting from the protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm