Study Guide Final Exam Animal Science

What production factor is most economically important to the cow-calf producer?

Fertility and reproduction

Vertical Integration

Is when a company controls two or more and possibly all aspects of production, including the breeding herds, feed manufacturing, finishing units and processing facilities

Seedstock producers are those that

Provide much of the base for genetic change

Which of the following statements is accurate, regarding the dairy industry in the United States over the past 50 years?

The number of cows has decreased, and total milk production has increased

The correct ranking on degree of vertical integration in the livestock industries is: (> means more than)

Poultry > pork > beef

In the next 20 years, the demand of foods of animal origin is expected to:

Increase, but with most of increase happening in developing nation

Producer Paul has 100 cows he turned out with bulls. After pregnancy testing the cows in the fall, he culls 5 that are open. He also loses 10 calves in the spring. The rest of the cows wean healthy calves the following fall. What is his percent calf crop?

85%

Which of the following is true regarding changes in the swine industry in the past 20 years?

A. Traditional seed stock production has decreased.
B. Vertical integration has increased.
C. SEW pigs have become more common.

D All of the above

In processed meats, salt

A. Extracts proteins, which helps bind ground products together
B. Acts as a preservative
C. Adds flavor

All of the above

Which of the following is NOT true regarding inspection and grading?

The US government pays for grading, the packer pays for inspection

You would expect retail meat cuts from which wholesale cut to be the least tender?

Round

Fats supply how much more energy per gram than carbohydrates?

2.25

The function of the remen is

A. Physical mixing of feed
B. To provide a fermentation chamber in which microbes break down cellulose
C. To provide a medium in which microbes synthesize protein and water soluble vitamins
D. All of the above

Which of the following feedstuffs would have the most difference between the as-fed nutrient content and the nutrient content on a DM basis?

Corn silage

Which portion of the digestive tract allows horses to breakdown and utilize energy from forages?

Cecum

At what stage of production are nutrient requirements the highest for female livestock?

Lactaction

If the feeding program for your beef cows is adequate nutritionally and you are not wasting money on unnecessary feed, your cows should be in what range of condition scores throughout the year?

5-6

What is the relationship between feed value and crude fiber and crude protein?

Feed value increases as crude fiber decreases and crude protein increases

A 1000lb steer with an average dressing percent would have what weight of carcass?

620 lbs

Which of the following is NOT a factor used to calculate beef yield grades?

Marbling

A production goal of a farrowing operation would be to produce how many pigs/sows/year?

25

A major advantage of estrus synchronization is?

Concentrate labor during calving and provide a more uniform calf crop

An injection of which hormone would stimulate uterine contractions, and thus speed the birthing process?

Oxytocin

Artificial insemination is used to the greatest extent in what kind of livestock?

Dairy cattle, Swine

As an animal increases in age, from young to puberty to mature, their protein requirements, as a % of diet:

Decrease

Cattle that are in adequate condition should begin an estrous cycle within how long after calving?

2 months

Follicle-stimulating hormone, or FSH

Stimulates follicular growth and stimulates testicles to nourish new sperm

For colostrum to be of maximum use to the newborn animal, it should be consumed as quickly after birth as possible. Why?

Newborn loses the ability to absorb the antibodies

Grain toxicity or excess consumption of lush forages can cause what problem in horses?

Laminitis

If a horse stands 16 hands tall, how many inches tall is that horse?

64 inches

Progesterone

Maintains pregnancy

TDN, or total digestible nutrients is a measure of

Energy

The corpus luteum

A. Secretes prostaglandins
B. Is the structurethat appearsjust beforethe egg (ova) is released
C. Regresseswhen progesteronelevels increase
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

The correct ranking of gestation lengths from longest gestation to shortest is

Horses > cattle > sheep > swine

The scrotum

Provides protection and support for the testes

VFA’s or volatile fatty acids

A. Resultfrom the breakdownof cellulose by microbes.
B. Are a major source of energyfor ruminants.
C. Are a major source of energyfor horses.
D. All of the above.

What are two major functions of the testes?

Production of sperm and testosterone

What two hormones are at their highest levels at or near the time of ovulation?

Estrogen and LH

When is a dairy cow typically in a negative energy balance, meaning is she cannot eat enough to maintain her weight?

The first 80 days post calving

When using artificial insemination, mares can be among the most difficult of the large animal species to achieve a successful conception. Why?

Mares have a more variable length of estrus, making it more difficult to know when ovulation has occurred

Which hormones are responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics, in the male and female respectively

Testosterone and estrogen

Which of the following is true regarding palatability of meat?

A. Meat from locomotion muscles is more tender than meat from support muscles
B. Meat from older animals is more tender than meat from younger aniamls
C. Meat from intact males is more tender than meat from castrates or females
D. All of the above
E. none of the above

Which of the following is true regarding red meats and poultry?

Poultry has adapted to consumer demands of convenience and product uniformity more quickly than red meat has

Which species is likely to do the best on rough terrain with a minimum of high quality grazing avaliable?

Sheep

Which statement most accurately reflects changes in per capita meat consumption over the last 25 years?

Red Meat: decreased, Poultry/fish, increased, Total meat: increased

Which of the following is the correct rank of average dressing percents from highest to lowest (> means greater than)

Swine > Beef > Lamb

Marbling

A. Is important for palatability(flavor)
B. Is a factor in determining beef qualitygrades
C. Is intramuscularfat
@ All of the above
E. None of the above

The two most common quality grades for feedlot cattle are

Choice and selection

Yield Grades

Predict the percentage yield of boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts from the major wholesale cuts

Which species is most efficient in the conversion of feed eaten to pounds of weight gained?

Poultry

For which of the following would a pork carcass be considered “unacceptable” in terms of quality?

Pale, soft and exudative lean

A synthetic version of this hormone can be injected to synchronize estrus. The injection causes the Cl to regress and the estrous cycle starts

Prostaglandin

A tan to reddish brown colored horse with a black mane and tail is known as a

bay

As a rule of thumb, normal consumption of a 1000 lb cow needed to maintain her body weight is

20-30 lbs dry matter

Case ready meats as compared to meats packaged at a grocery store

A. Are usually more expensive
B. Have packaging that is less messy and more preferred by consumers
C. Have a longer shelf-life
c::g!:> All of the above
E. None of the above

Colostrum provides

A. Energy
B. Antibodies
C. A laxative effect
c:§)AII of the above

During the time in the estrous cycle when the corpus luteum is regressing, because a pregnancy has not occurred, what else is happening physiologically?

A new follicle is developing

Estrogen levels are highest

When the follicle is developing

Estrus is

Also known as “heat” or “standing heat:

If a cow is observed in heat in the afternoon, is it recommended that she be bred the next morning because

This will put the time of insemination close to the time of ovulation, which should result in higher conception rates

In general, what is the difference between developed countries and developing countries in terms of animal product consumption?

Developed countries have a higher per capita consumption of animal products

In terms of reproductive management, in what ways do Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle differ?

Bos taurus reach puberty at an earlier age

In what segment of the equine industry has major growth occurred?

Pleasure - the “backyard horse”

In which livestock species do embryos develop along the entire length of both uterine horns?

Swine

Nitrite is used in some processed meats to

Provide the characteristic pink color and flavor like ham

Non-protein nitrogen (NPN)

Can be used an economical protein source for mature ruminants

Steers and market heifers are typically what age when sold for slaughter?

13-18 months

The number of females that can be bred from an ejaculate of semen

Is fairly high (100+) for species like cattle that have a low volume of semen with a high concentration of sperm, per ejaculate

What are the advantages of estrus synchronization?

Concentrates labor of breeding when using AI

What hormone causes ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum?

LH

Which of the following is indicator of animal well-being

A. Growth rate
B. Reproductive efficiency
C. Morbidity

D. All of the above

Which of the following signs of estrus is common across all livestock species?

Standing to be mounted