[BIO 120.3] Group 8 - HIV

Lentivirus

HIV belongs to what type of virus?

Positive-sense, 2 copies of RNA genome surrounded by spherical lipid envelope

Describe the genome of HIV in terms of sense and # of copies

4 Subtypes (M, N, O, P)

HIV-1 has how many subtypes which are ?

Central, conical shaped

Describe the conical core of the HIV

Group M

Among the 4 subtypes of HIV-1, which is the most widespread worldwide?

9 subtypes: A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K

Group M of HIV-1 is subdivided into how many subtypes? What are these?

2 subtypes: A, B

HIV-2 has how many subtypes? What are these?

pol, gag, env

The viral genome of HIV is composed of various subgenomic regions which are?

pol

What subgenomic region of HIV encodes for protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase?

Protease, Reverse Transcriptase, Integrase

What are the proteins that are coded for by the pol subgenomic region of HIV?

gag

What subgenomic region of HIV encodes for the:
- p24 capsid protein
- p6 and p7 nucleocapsid proteins
- p17 matrix protein

p24 capsid protein, p6 and p7 nucleocapsid proteins, p17 matrix protein

What are the proteins that are coded for by the gag subgenomic region of HIV?

gp160, precursor of gp41 and gp120

What is the protein that is coded for by the env subgenomic region of HIV?

env

What viral subgenomic region of HIV encodes gp160?

env

What viral subgenomic region of HIV play an important role in the recognition andattachment of HIV to the CD4 membrane receptors?

CD4 membrane receptors

What receptors does HIV attach to with the help of the env subgenomic region?

tat, rev, nef

What are 3 HIV genes that encode for protein regulatory functions?

tat (transactivator)

What HIV gene regulates viral transcription?

rev

What HIV gene regulates post-transcriptional processing of the viral mRNA?

rev

What HIV gene exports partially spliced and unspliced RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

nef (negative factor)

What HIV gene down regulates CD4?

Vif (virion infectivity factor), vpu, vpr

What are 3 genes that are found specifically in HIV-1?

Vif (virion infectivity factor)

HIV-1 gene that supports the reverse transcription of RNA to DNA

vpu and vpr

HIV-1 genes that enhances viral spread and act as transcriptional activator

vpx

HIV-2 gene that is important in the nuclear import of the preintegration complex

vpx

HIV-2 gene that promotes the accumulation of full-length viral DNA present in non-dividing cells

Cells that possess CD4 membrane receptors

What cells does HIV mainly target?

Macrophages, Monocytes, Dendritic cells, T-helper cells

What are 4 examples of CD4 cells?

gp120 envelope protein

What protein of HIV binds with CD4 membrane receptors and co-receptors?

CXCR4

What is the receptor for T-cells targeted by HIV?

CCR5

What is the receptor for T-cells, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells targeted by HIV?

Envelope protein gp41

What HIV protein gets exposed after receptor binding and is responsible for viral membrane fusion?

TRUE

T/F: In HIV, host cells that become infected (viral components in cytoplasm) then remain in a dormant state until activation occurs

FALSE

T/F: In HIV, host cells that become infected (viral components in cytoplasm) immediately becomes killed

Reverse Transcriptase

This converts RNA retrovirus to viral DNA

Integrase

What protein integrates viral DNA to host cell’s DNA

TRUE

T/F: Integrins integrate viral DNA to host cell DNA

FALSE

T/F: Integrins integrate RNA retrovirus to host cell’s DNA

Viral Tropism

ability to infect certain cells, tissues, or even species while not affecting others

TRUE

T/F: Errors in HIV viral replication may occur due to viral tropism

FALSE

T/F: It is impossible for HIV to encounter errors in replication

Immunocompetence

What aspect of the host’s health is lowered due to HIV infection?

TRUE

T/F: Aside from sexual contact, sharing needles, and contact with infected blood, HIV1 and HIV2 can be obtained through mother-to-child transmission

FALSE

T/F: HIV-1 and HIV-2 are only transmitted through sexual contact or contact with infected blood

TRUE

T/F: Blood is not the only bodily fluid that can cause the transmission of HIV

FALSE

T/F: Blood is the only bodily fluid that can cause the transmission of HIV

FALSE

T/F: HIV can be transmitted through various bodily fluids including saliva, perspiration, and tears

FALSE

T/F: HIV can be transmitted when you share a pool or toilet seat with an infected person

TRUE

T/F: HIV can be opportunistic infections due to patients being immunocompromised

FALSE

T/F: HIV targets everyone equally

Acute HIV

Flu-like symptoms are present in what type of HIV Clinical Finding?

Acute Retroviral Syndrome

What type of Acute HIV occurs for a few weeks to months after contracting HIV?

TRUE

T/F: In Acute Retroviral Syndrome, the symptoms are not unique to HIV

FALSE

T/F: In Acute Retroviral Syndrome, the symptoms are unique to HIV

TRUE

T/F: In Acute Retroviral Syndrome, the symptoms experienced are not definitive indications of HIV

FALSE

T/F: In Acute Retroviral Syndrome, the symptoms experienced are definitive indications of HIV

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Most advanced stage of HIV infection

TRUE

T/F: AIDS can be caused by a variety of diseases from various causative opportunistic agents

FALSE

T/F: HIV can be caused by a variety of diseases from various causative opportunistic agents

TRUE

T/F: HIV should be suspected as an underlying illness when unusual diseases present in otherwise healthy patients.

FALSE

T/F: AIDS should be suspected as an underlying illness when unusual diseases present in otherwise healthy patients.

TRUE

T/F: HIV affects more women than men (53%), but incidence and mortality in men are higher

FALSE

T/F: HIV affects more men than women (53%), hence incidence and mortality in men are higher

TRUE

T/F: There is a disproportionate distribution of HIV cases in the world, with Africa having the highest number of cases at 20.8 M

70%

How many new HIV infections are reported globally?

ELISA test

What is the test conducted to confirm the presence of HIV RNA or DNA?

Blood, Saliva

What body fluids are tested when diagnosing HIV?

Antiretroviral Therapy

Therapy that lowers detectable viral load within a patient’s body

TRUE

T/F: There is no definite cure for HIV

FALSE

T/F: Antiretroviral therapy serves as a definite cure for HIV

Pills and Shots

What are 2 forms of treatment given for HIV?

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Describes the collection of symptoms and infections related to immunodefficiency

Luc Antoine Montagnier, Robert Charles Gallo

Who are the 2 scientists who discovered HIV?

Gay-Related Immune Deficiency

What was the first name of HIV which was eventually scrapped due to driving prejudice?

Chimpanzees in West Africa in 1930s

Where was HIV thought of to be originated?

3TC combination drug, Truvada in HIV medication

What are 2 developments in medicine related to HIV?

Antibody testing kit for HIV

What serves as a point-of-care testing for HIV?

Post-Attachment Inhibitors

[TREATMENT CATEGORY] These block CD4 receptors on the surface of certain immune cells that HIV needs to enter the cells.

Attachment Inhibitors

[TREATMENT CATEGORY] These bind to the gp120 protein on the outer surface of HIV, preventing HIV from entering CD4 cells.

Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor (INSTIs)

[TREATMENT CATEGORY] These block HIV integrase, an enzyme HIV needs to make copies of itself.

CCR5 Antagonists

[TREATMENT CATEGORY] These block CCR5 coreceptors on the surface of certain immune cells that HIV needs to enter the cells.

Fusion Inhibitors

[TREATMENT CATEGORY] block HIV from entering the CD4 T lymphocyte (CD4 cells) of the immune system.

Protease Inhibitors

[TREATMENT CATEGORY] block HIV protease, an enzyme HIV needs to make copies of itself.

Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)

[TREATMENT CATEGORY] bind to and later alter reverse transcriptase, an enzyme HIV needs to make copies of itself.

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)

[TREATMENT CATEGORY] block reverse transcriptase, an enzyme HIV needs to make copies of itself.