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10% rule
only ~10% of energy transfers to next trophic level
Biomagnification
toxins become more concentrated at higher trophic levels
GPP
total energy captured by plants
Respiration (R)
energy plants use for maintenance
NPP
GPP − R (energy available to herbivores)
Highest NPP ecosystems
tropical rainforests, estuaries, coral reefs
Lowest NPP ecosystems
deserts, open ocean (per area)