APUSH TERMS: CH.'s 18,19,20,21,22

Civil war unit for APUSH!!!! KNOW YOUR HISTORY

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Ended the Mexican-American War in 1848 and resulted in significant territorial gains for the U.S.

Popular Sovereignty

Political doctrine that the legitimacy of the state is created and sustained by the consent of its people.

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed to ban slavery in territories acquired from Mexico, reflecting opposition to slavery.

Zachary Taylor

12th President of the U.S. (1849-1850) who advocated for California's admission as a free state.

Free Soil Party

A political party opposing the extension of slavery into western territories.

Martin Van Buren

8th President of the U.S. and key figure in the formation of the Free Soil Party.

Lewis Cass

A politician who supported popular sovereignty as a solution to the slavery issue.

Harriet Tubman

An escaped slave and prominent abolitionist known for leading slaves to freedom via the Underground Railroad.

Fugitive Slave Law

Part of the Compromise of 1850, mandating that escaped slaves be returned to their owners.

Compromise of 1850

A set of laws resolving territorial and slavery controversies, including California as a free state.

Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster

Key politicians involved in the crafting of the Compromise of 1850.

William Seward

An opponent of the expansion of slavery, known for his 'higher law' speech.

Millard Fillmore

13th President of the U.S. who supported the Compromise of 1850.

Franklin Pierce

14th President of the U.S. whose administration passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Winfield Scott

U.S. Army general who played a key role in the Mexican-American War.

John Hale

An anti-slavery advocate from New Hampshire prominent during the election of 1852.

Clayton Bulwer Treaty

An 1850 treaty between the U.S. and Britain for developing a canal in Central America.

Filibustering

Engaging in unauthorized military expeditions, often to promote slaveholding interests.

Ostend Manifesto

Document advocating for the U.S. to annex Cuba and the expansion of slavery.

Matthew Perry and Treaty of Kanagawa

Opened Japan to the West in 1853, marking an end to Japan's isolation.

Gadsden Purchase

1853 agreement acquiring land from Mexico for a southern route for a transcontinental railroad.

Kansas-Nebraska Bill

1854 act creating Kansas and Nebraska, allowing popular sovereignty on slavery.

Bleeding Kansas

Violent confrontations between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in Kansas.

Stephen Douglas

Key proponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Act who supported popular sovereignty.

Know-Nothings

A nativist movement seeking to restrict immigration, often opposing Catholic immigrants.

Republican Party

Formed in the 1850s in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, opposing slavery's extension.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' which galvanized public opinion against slavery.

Topeka versus Shawnee Mission

Refers to opposing factions in Kansas during 'Bleeding Kansas.'

Hinton Rowan Helper

Southern critic of slavery who wrote 'Impending Crisis of the South.'

Border Ruffians

Pro-slavery activists from Missouri committing violence in Kansas.

Pottawatomie Creek

Site of a violent incident led by John Brown against pro-slavery settlers.

LeCompton Constitution

Pro-slavery constitution drafted for Kansas, rejected by Congress.

James Buchanan

15th President of the U.S. known for increasing tensions over slavery.

Sumner-Brooks Encounter

A violent clash in 1856 highlighting the conflict over slavery in Congress.

John Fremont

First Republican presidential candidate in 1856, known for his anti-slavery stance.

Roger B. Taney

Chief Justice who delivered the Dred Scott decision, ruling against African American citizenship.

Panic of 1857

A financial crisis that increased sectional tensions.

Homestead Act

Legislation providing land to settlers, promoting westward expansion.

Public Domain

Lands owned by government available for settlement.

Tariff of 1857

Reduction of tariffs aimed to ease economic pressure in the North.

Freeport Doctrine

Stephen Douglas's proposal that territories could exclude slavery despite the Dred Scott decision.

Harper's Ferry

Site of John Brown’s raid in 1859, a pivotal moment in the lead-up to the Civil War.

Election of 1860

Marked by four major candidates, deepening divisions and leading to secession.

Crittenden Compromise

A last-ditch effort to prevent secession by proposing amendments to extend the Missouri Compromise line.

Secession of States

Many Southern states seceded after Lincoln's election, forming the Confederate States of America.

Fort Sumter

The first battle of the Civil War, marking the start of hostilities.

Border States

Slave states remaining with the Union during the Civil War: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware.

Advantages and Disadvantages: North vs South

The North had industrial capabilities, while the South had strong military leadership.

Trent Affair

A diplomatic incident during the Civil War that raised tensions between the U.S. and Britain.

The Alabama

A Confederate warship that captured Union merchant vessels, complicating international relations.

Maximilian Affair

Attempt by Napoleon III to establish a monarchy in Mexico with Archduke Maximilian.

William Seward

An advocate for the Union during the Civil War and Secretary of State.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States during the Civil War.

Draft Quota

System of conscription established during the Civil War to enlist soldiers.

NYC Draft Riots

Violent disturbances in 1863 in response to the draft, highlighting class tensions.

Morrill Tariff Act

Increased tariff rates in 1861 to protect Northern industries during the Civil War.

National Banking System

Established in 1863 to stabilize the financial system with a uniform currency.

Greenbacks

Paper currency issued to finance the Civil War, leading to inflation.

Bonds

Government bonds sold to finance the war, seen as a patriotic duty.

Inflation

Economic issue during the Civil War due to the printing of greenbacks.

Homestead Act of 1862

Legislation promoting settlement by granting land to settlers.

49ers

Gold seekers who flocked to California during the Gold Rush in 1849.

Elizabeth Blackwell

First woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S., known for Civil War nursing.

Clara Barton

Founder of the American Red Cross and nursing leader during the Civil War.

Sally Tompkins

Notable nurse for Confederate soldiers during the Civil War.

First Manassas/Bull Run

The first major battle of the Civil War, highlighting the need for better preparation.

George McClellan

Union general known for his organization of the Army of the Potomac.

Robert E. Lee

Commander of the Confederate Army known for his military leadership.

Monitor vs. Merrimack

First combat meeting of ironclad warships, marking a pivotal moment in naval warfare.

Shiloh/Pittsburgh Landing

A significant early battle resulting in heavy casualties.

Sharpsburg Antietam

The bloodiest single-day battle, leading to a Union victory.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Lincoln, declaring freedom for slaves in Confederate-held territory.

Gettysburg/Gettysburg Address

Turning point battle where Lincoln's address redefined the war's purpose.

Vicksburg

Siege that gave the Union control of the Mississippi River.

Grant, Lee, Jackson, Sherman, Sheridan

Key military figures in the Civil War.

1864 Election

Abraham Lincoln’s reelection signaled commitment to continue fighting the Confederacy.

Copperheads

Northern Democrats opposing the war and advocating for peace with the Confederacy.

Andrew Johnson

Succeeded Lincoln as President; his lenient Reconstruction approach caused tensions.

March to the Sea

Sherman's campaign aimed at crippling the Southern economy by destructive tactics.

Clara Barton, Elizabeth Blackwell, Dorothea Dix

Notable women who contributed as nurses and advocates during the Civil War.

Appomattox

Site of Lee's surrender to Grant, marking the end of the Civil War.

John Wilkes Booth

Assassin of President Lincoln, reflecting national divisions after the war.

Lenient Reconstruction

Aimed for rapid restoration of Southern states with minimal penalties.

Radical Reconstruction

A punitive Reconstruction approach focusing on guaranteeing rights for freed slaves.

AME Churches & Mutual Aid Societies

Organizations that supported freed slaves during Reconstruction.

Freedmen's Bureau

Established to aid freed slaves with education, healthcare, and employment.

Black Codes

Laws restricting the rights of freed African Americans in the South.

Carpetbaggers, Freedmen, Scalawags

Terms for Northern opportunists, local whites cooperating, and freed slaves in the South.

Impeachment

The 1868 impeachment of Andrew Johnson amidst political struggles.

Alaska

Acquired from Russia in 1867, symbolizing national expansion post-Civil War.