1.1 Airlaw keynotes

Minimum total hours required for the commercial pilot license.

200h

how many hours dual total? plus how many hours night, cross country and instrument

35 total, 5 night, 5 cross country, 20 instrument

how many hours solo? in general, and night

30h total, 25 general, 5 night

wait times after 1 and 2nd failure of written exam

1. 14 days
2. 30 days
3. 30 + 30 for each failure in excess of 2. max 180

medical validity under 40

12 months

medical validity single pilot 40+

6 months

medical valifity older than 60

6 months

define night

period from the end of evening civil twilight to the beginning of morning civil twilight/ sun’s disk is more than 6 degrees below the horizon/ period commencing 1/2 hour after sunset and 1/2 before sunrise

req for night aerodromes

fixed steady white lights to mark take-off and landing/ red lights for unserviceable areas/ windsock must be lightes

VFT OTT

Allows you yo fly without visual reference to the ground during the en-route portion of the flight only

VFR OTT req

1. during daytime and cruise only
2. vertical distance of 1000ft from cloud
3. if between cloud layers, layers 5000 apart
4. min vis 5nm

destination req in VFR OTT

1. clouds must be scattered or better
2. ground vis min 5m
3. no forecast of precip/ thunderstroms/ fog/ snow/ or blowing snow

these conditions must exist after the ETA


1. 1h before ETA to 2h after when using TAF
2. 1h before ETA to 3h after when using GFA

obtain seaplane while already obtaining landplane

total 7h: 5h dual/ 5 take-offs landing

obtain landplane while already obtaining seaplane

total 3h: 2h dual/ 5 takeoff’s and landings

blanket type rating

Allows you to fly many different airplane types, usually within a particular category and class without obtaining individual type ratings

when are individual type ratings req

High performance airplanes and airplanes requiring more than 1 crew member

High performance ac

1. min 1 crew member
2. Vne 250 KIAS or greater
3. Vso 80KIAS or greater

req to fly 2 crew aeroplane (5):

1. complete ground and flight training

2. 70% on IATRA within 24 months

3. flight training on type

4. min 250h min

5. pass pilot proficiency test withing 12 months

to meet basic recency req for a commercial pilot, they must have:

1. flown in PIC or copilot within the previous 5 years

OR

2. complete flight review and written exam within 12 months

AND

3. have completed a recurrent training program within 24 months

to meet recency req for a commercial pic and carry pax…

5 night or day take-offs and landings, if flight being conducted is during the day or night

flying in controlled airspace during the day and at night

1. min flight vis

2. min horizontal dist. from cloud

3. vertical dist. from cloud

1. flt vis 3 miles

2. horizontal dist from cloud 1 mile

3. vertical dist from cloud 500 ft

what are the restrictions of special VFR (4)

1. must have radio

2. flight vis and reported ground vis is 1 mile or greater

3. flight is clear of cloud and within sight of ground

4. any restrictions ATC imposes

SVFR is only allowable for departing or landing ac?

landing

uncontrolled airspace min at or above 1000AGL day and night

1. flight vis

2. Horizontal dist from cloud

3. vertical dist from cloud

1. 1 mile by day/ 3 miles by night

2. 2000 ft day or night

3. 500 ft day or night

uncontrolled airspace min below 1000 ft AGL


1. flight vis
2. dist from cloud

\

1. 2 miles by day/ 3 miles by night
2. clear of cloud day or night

ac equipment req

survival equip req

1. starting a fire
2. providing shelter
3. providing or purifying water
4. visually signaling distress

exeptions to survival equipment

seat belt req for who

every person on board except infants (infants are children under 2)

at what altitude do you need oxygen and for what passengers

above 10 000ft but below 13 000ft ASL:

more than 30 mins then you are req to carry for the flight crew and at least 10% of pax

above 13 000ft ASL:

all people on board at all times

what documents are req on board when flying to a destination other than that of departure (7)

1. crew licences and ratings

2. medical

3. certificate of airworthiness

4. certificate of registration

5. journey logbook

6. proof of liability insurance

7. ac flight manual

equip req when flying over water

two ac converging head-on

each ac must adjust heading to the right

what happens when one ac is overtaking another

the ac behind must alter heading to the right

if two ac are approaching the same runway to land, what happens

lower ac has right of way

two ac converging approx the same alt

the ac which has the other on its right must give way

how many flight information centers are in canada

7

1. in standard pressure region prior to take off what alt do you set
2. once levelled off what alt
3. prior commencing final appr what alt

1. current alt setting of aerodrome (if not available, elev)
2. prior to level off set to 29.92
3. prior to commencing final appr set destination aerodrome altimeter

when transitioning from standard to altimeter or opposite when do you change altimeter

except when authorized by ATC, make the change in altimeter within standard pressure region, prior to leaving or after entering

1. in altimeter pressure region prior to take off what alt do you set
2. once levelled off what alt
3. appr landing at intended aerodrome what alt setting?

1. prior to take off set current alt of aerodrome
2. during flight set alt to nearest station along route or where the stations are more than 150nm apart, to the station nearest the route
3. appr aerodrome of intended landing the alt shall be set to current aerodrome altimeter setting

1. VFR at or below 12 500 ASL squawk:
2. VFR above 1200 ASL:

1200

1400

hijacking

communication

emergency

7500 I

7600 C

7700 E

low level airways

controlled airspace designated to serve en route traffic

what are VHF airways and their dimensions

they either have 2 VOR’s or 1 VOR and 1 NDB

what are low frequency airways

similar to VHF with the following exceptions: (controlled)


1. each segment has an NDB at each end
2. the width is 4.34nm either side of the centerline

low level air routes

almost identical to low level airways, however they begin at the surface and extends upwards not including 18 000 ASL. uncontrolled, class G airspace

terminal control areas

controlled airspaces designated to serve arriving, departing and en-route ac. looks like inverted wedding cake

control area extensions

controlled airspaces designated around aerodromes where the controlled airspace provided is insufficient to permit the req separation between IFR arrivals and departures and to contain IFR ac within controlled airspace

class A airspace

In southern Domestic airspace, it extends from 18 000ASL up to and including FL 600/ no VFR ac in class A

class B airspace

class C

class D

Class E

class F

class G

Operations in the vicinity of forest fires

do not operate within 5 NM of a forest fire below 3 000AGL. NOTAM’s will issue the airspace not to enter

Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ)

on each Canadian coast. the purpose is to facilitate the control of ac and whatever they might carrying when entering Canada

procedures when entering or exiting ADIZ (VFR)

you have to file a defence flight plan or itinerary, it’s almost the same as an ICAO flight plane with the following exceptions:


1. the field type of flight must contain “D” to indicate that it’s a defence flight plan
2. when your point of departure is from outside the ADIZ for entry into the ADIZ, then the flight plan or itinerary must indicate the estimated time and point of entry into the ADIZ

depart for a flight into, within, or out of the ADIZ then:

as soon as possible after take-off u must contact an air traffic control unit, FSS, or community aerodrome radio station and communicate your ac’s location, alt, aerodrome of departure, and if applicable, estimated time and point of ADIZ entry

req revisions to estimates for ADIZ

must inform etc, if your estimated time of arrvial changes by +/-5

or

\+/- 20 NM

the four immediate actions if you are interceptef

1. follow the instructions from the intercepting ac

2. if possible, notify the appropriate air traffic services

3. try to establish radio communications with the intercepting ac by making general call on 121.5 and giving the ac ident, position, and nature of the flight

4. select transponder mode A code 7700 unless otherwise instructed

1. instruction from intercepting ac: You have been intercepted, follow me

2. Instruction from intercepting ac: You may proceed

3. instruction from intercepting ac: land at this aerodrome

4. from intercepted ac : aerodrome you have designated is inadequate

5. communication from intercepted ac: cannot comply

6. communication from intercepted ac: in distress

how much fuel do you need:


1. VFR during the day
2. VFR at night

1. normal fuel including taxi, and foreseeable delays prior to take-off, rerouting or delays as a result of traffic, meteorological conditions and any other foreseeable delays plus 30 mins
2. above plus 45mins

when and how long can you activate you ELT in order to test it

during the first 5 mins of any hour UTC for not longer than 5 sec

do you cycle your ELT on and off to save battery in a crash when you do you turn off your ELT?

1. DO NOT cycle your ELT on and off to save battery
2. do not turn it off until directed to do so by search and rescue

what should you say when you make a position report

IDENTIFICATION/ POSITION/ TIME/ ALT/ VFR OR OTT/ DESTNINATION

what is altitude selection based on in sounthern/ northen domestic airspace

sountern: magnetic track

northen: true track

comm failure procedures in class B, C, D

light signals to ac on the ground:


1. series of green flashes
2. steady green light
3. series of red flashes
4. steady red
5. flashing white light
6. blinking runway light

light signals to ac in the air


1. series pf green flashes
2. steady green
3. series pf red flashes
4. steady red
5. firing of a red pyrotechnical light (flare)

min alt and radius within a built up area

min 1000 above highest obstacle within a radius of 2000

min alt in a non built up area

500

how many hours before flying can you consume alcohol

12h before min

whats the rule for dropping objects from ac

shall not create a hazard to persons or property on the surface by dropping an object

when do you need to file a flight plan or itinerary/

arrival reports

flying VFR you need to file unless flying within 25NM of departure aerodrome. unless your flying outside of Canada or within or thru ADIZ

flight itinerary

can be filed with a responsible person, air traffic control unit, FSS, or community aerodrome radio station. except if flying within or thru ADIZ or outside Canada then no responsible person

when do you need to change your flight plan or itinerary

when changing your route, destination, flight duration

procedures at aerodrome where MF is in force and an aerodrome advisory is available:

req radio calls at uncontrolled aerodrome (5)

procedures at aerodromes where an ATF or MF is in force but where no advisory service is available

when departing an uncontrolled aerodrome, when can you turn en route and what’s the lowest you can turn back to the aerodrome

no turns permitted until reaching circuit traffic patern

do not turn back toward the circuit or aerodrome until at least 500 above circuit alt

req radio calls when departing an uncontrolled aerodrome (MF or ATF) (3)

red radio calls when transiting an MF or ATF area

when is the wake from other ac most severe and what is the wake most dependent on

1. behind and less than 1000 ft below aeroplane
2. speed, configuration, and weight (worst turbulence behind heavy slow and clean configuration

where does wake turbulence from the wing tip vortices start

at the point where the lift starts to be generated/ where the aeroplane begins to rotate and will end when the nosewheel settles on the ground upon landing

wake turbulence classification:


1. group 1 heavy
2. group 2 medium
3. group 3 light

1. max take-off weight of 300 000 lbs or more
2. max take-off weight between 15 500 - 300 000
3. ““ up to and incl 15 500

where do wing tip vortices start and end

it starts at the point where the large ac rotates and ends where the ac touched down

when taking off after a large ac has landed, where should you plan on taking off

plan to lift off after the point where the large ac touched down

when landing after a large ac has taken off where should you land

plan to land before the rotation point of the other ac

when taking off after a large ac has taken off

become airborne before the rotation point and stay above its flight path

when landing after a large ac has landed

stay above the glidepath and touchdown after the point where the proceeding ac touchdown

ac separation in a radar environment

1. heavy behind heavy (miles?)

2. light behind heavy

3. med behind heavy

4. light behind med

1. 4 miles

2. 6

3. 5

4. 4

in a non-radar environment what’s the separation behind a heavy ac in what 2 circumstances

ac departing behind a heavy will be provided 2min separation if:


1. ac commences take-off from the same threshold as heavy
2. ac commences take-off from a threshold of a parallel runway which is located less than 2 500ft from rwy in use

any ac departing behind a heavy or a light ac behind a med will be provided with (min)? if?


1. \
2. \

3 mins separation


1. the ac commences take-off from an intersection or a point further along the same rwy as the preceding ac
2. the controller has reason to believe that the following ac will req more rwy than preceding ac

aerodrome def

any area of land, water, or other supporting surf used or designated, prepared, equipped or set apart for use either in whole or in part for the arrival and departure, movement or servicing of ac and includes any buildings, installations and equipment in connection therewith