nutrition chapter 7 alcohol

what is found in alcoholic bevarages?

ethanol

100 proof is what percent alcohol?

50% alcohol

how many fluid oz in one drink?

1/2 fluid ounce

how many grams in one standard drink?

14 g

how many oz of beer, wine, and liquor in one standard drink?

12 oz beer, 5 oz wine, 1.5 oz liquor

where is alcohol metabolized?

liver

what metabolizes alcohol?

alcohol dehydrogenase

where does absorption take place?

stomach and small intestine

can alcohol be stored?

no; alcohol cannot be stored and has priority in metabolism

where does alcohol dehydrogenase begin to metabolize alcohol?

in the stomach

what impacts the rate at which alcohol is metabolized?

how quickly the stomach empties into the small intenstine

longer time in stomach, more or less alcohol in the blood and brain?

less alcohol

How does alcohol absorption occur?

Absorption occurs by simple diffusion.

How is alcohol absorbed when the stomach is empty?

Approximately 20% of alcohol is absorbed across the stomach wall and quickly reaches the brain.

How does a partially full or full stomach affect alcohol absorption?

It can keep alcohol away from the stomach lining.

How does fat affect alcohol absorption?

Fat slows peristalsis, which slows entry to the small intestine.

How do carbohydrates affect alcohol absorption?

Carbohydrate slows absorption through the stomach lining.

What limits the amount of alcohol that can be metabolized per hour?

The amount that can be metabolized per hour is limited by body mass and liver size.

How much can the liver metabolize per hour?

Generally, the liver can metabolize approximately 1 drink per hour.

What are the two pathways of alcohol metabolism?

The alcohol dehydrogenase pathway and the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS).

What is the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway?

The alcohol dehydrogenase pathway is one of the two pathways of alcohol metabolism. It involves two steps:


1. Alcohol dehydrogenase and NAD+ remove hydrogens from ethanol to form acetaldehyde.
2. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) removes more hydrogen and forms acetate, which can continue through metabolic pathways to form energy or be converted to a fatty acid and stored as fat.

What is the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)?

A metabolic pathway to break down alcohol and other foreign compounds when the normal liver enzymes cannot keep up.

When is the MEOS used?

when there is too much alcohol and the liver enzymes cannot keep up.

How does chronic alcohol abuse affect the MEOS?

Chronic alcohol abuse increases the number of enzymes in the MEOS pathway.

What else does MEOS metabolize?

Used to metabolize drugs and other foreign compounds

What happens when alcohol is consumed along with drugs?

Alcohol takes precedence over drugs

What can result from consuming alcohol and drugs together

Lethal levels of drugs building up in the bloodstream.

How does alcohol tolerance develop?

The more one drinks, the more active the MEOS becomes → alcohol tolerance

What happens when the liver cannot metabolize alcohol as fast as it is consumed?

some alcohol remains in the blood.

How much alcohol is metabolized by the liver?

95% of alcohol consumed.

How is the remaining 5% of alcohol excreted from the body?

through the lungs, skin, and/or kidneys through the urine.

Amount of alcohol expelled through the (blank) correlates with the amount of alcohol in the (blank)

lungs, blood

How is BAC measured?

BAC is measured in grams of alcohol per deciliter of blood.

How is BAC expressed?

BAC is expressed as a percentage.

What are some factors that affect blood alcohol concentration (BAC)?

Biological sex, genetics, and ethnicity can all affect BAC.

How does biological sex affect BAC?

females tend to feel the effects of alcohol sooner than males

Why do females tend to feel the effects of alcohol sooner than males?

* Females have 20-30% less alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) than males, which means they metabolize alcohol more slowly.
* Females tend to have less body water than males, so alcohol becomes more concentrated in their bloodstream.

How do genetics affect BAC?

Individuals with genetic polymorphisms of ADH may metabolize alcohol more slowly, causing them to feel the effects of alcohol more readily.

What is the role of ADH in alcohol metabolism?

ADH is an enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the liver.

How does ethnicity affect BAC?

Different ethnic groups may have different levels of ADH and other enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism.

What are some products of alcohol metabolism that can harm the body and brain?

acids and acetaldehyde

When do the short-term effects of alcohol occur?

while the individual is intoxicated

When do the long-term effects of alcohol?

can occur more than 72 hours following intoxication

What can short-term effects interfere with?

Organ function for several hours after ingestion

How does alcohol affect the central nervous system?

depressant of the central nervous system, slowing communication between neurons.

As more alcohol is consumed, BLANK areas of the brain are affected

more

What happens to brain stem if enough alcohol is consumed?

activities of the brain stem, such as breathing and heart rate, can be suppressed, resulting in death.

When does a hangover typically begin?

within hours of the last drink - as the BAC begins to drop.

How long can hangover symptoms last?

up to 24 hours after alcohol has left the blood.

What is the role of acetaldehyde in hangovers?

Alcohol produces large amounts of acetaldehyde, which is mildly toxic and can cause symptoms such as nausea, fatigue, and irritability.

How does alcohol act as a diuretic?

Alcohol acts as a diuretic, causing dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

What is the role of the immune system in hangovers?

Alcohol can trigger an inflammatory response in the immune system, which can contribute to hangover symptoms.

How does alcohol affect the gastrointestinal tract?

irritates it - causing nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain.

How does alcohol affect blood sugar levels?

Decreased blood sugar levels, which can contribute to fatigue and irritability.

How does alcohol affect blood vessels?

can cause blood vessels to expand, leading to headaches and other symptoms.

What are some common symptoms of hangovers?

Common symptoms of hangovers include fatigue, sleep disruption, headache, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, and irritability.

What is alcohol poisoning?

when the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is so high that basic physiological functions are depressed.

What happens when physiological functions are depressed?

central nervous system may become compromised, leading to impaired breathing, coma, and even death.

What are some unintentional injuries associated with drinking?

Each year, nearly 600,000 college-aged students are unintentionally injured due to drinking.

What are some other negative consequences associated with drinking?

instances of sexual abuse, unsafe sex, suicide attempts, drunk driving, and property damage.

What are some long-term effects of alcohol consumption?

impaired digestion, absorption, and nutrient metabolism.

How does alcohol consumption affect the secretion of digestive enzymes?

can decrease the secretion of digestive enzymes, which can impair the breakdown and absorption of nutrients.

Alcohol consumption can damage the cells in…

the stomach and intestinal lining, leading to impaired absorption of water, glucose, sodium, and vitamins

How can alcohol consumption cause pancreatitis?

damaging the cells in the pancreas and causing inflammation

What is gastritis?

Gastritis is a condition in which the lining of the stomach becomes inflamed, which can cause symptoms such as stomach pain, nausea, and vomiting.

How does alcohol consumption increase the incidence of gastritis?

Alcohol consumption can increase the incidence of gastritis by causing inflammation of the stomach lining.

What is primary malnutrition?

Primary malnutrition occurs when individuals compensate for drinking by cutting out nutritious foods.

What is secondary malnutrition?

Secondary malnutrition occurs when alcohol interferes with nutrient absorption and metabolism, leading to deficiencies in vitamins and minerals.

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a condition characterized by mental confusion and uncontrolled muscle movement due to thiamine deficiency's effect on brain function.

How does alcohol consumption contribute to weight gain?

Alcohol contains 7 kcal/g per gram

How does alcohol consumption affect insulin and glucagon action?

can result in hypoglycemia.

How does alcohol consumption affect bone-strengthening hormones?

bone loss and osteoporosis

How does alcohol consumption affect estrogen levels?

can increase estrogen levels, which may increase the risk of breast cancer.

How does alcohol consumption affect reproductive hormones?

male and female sexual dysfunction and infertility.

What is stage 1 of alcohol-related liver disease?

Fatty liver, in which fat builds up in the liver cells.

How does too much fat buildup affect the liver?

Too much fat buildup in the liver can cause liver dysfunction.

When does fatty liver typically occur?

Fatty liver can occur after just a few days of excessive drinking.

What is stage 2 of alcohol-related liver disease?

Alcoholic hepatitis, in which the liver becomes inflamed.

What is stage 3 of alcohol-related liver disease?

Cirrhosis, in which liver cells die and are replaced with scar tissue.

How does scar tissue affect the liver?

Scar tissue in the liver prevents it from filtering toxins and waste products out of the body.

What is the prognosis for individuals with cirrhosis?

More than 50 percent of individuals with cirrhosis die within 4 years.

How can alcohol use affect mental health?

Excessive alcohol use can lead to depression.

What is the relationship between alcohol and depression?

It is complex; alcohol can temporarily alleviate symptoms of depression but can also contribute to the development and worsening of depressive symptoms over time.

What is a potential sign of alcohol abuse?

Using alcohol to deal with problems

What is the potential effect of moderate alcohol intake on the heart?

Moderate alcohol intake may be cardioprotective.

How many drinks per day is harmful?

Three drinks

Why can three drinks per day be harmful?

Increases cholesterol synthesis by the liver

Increases blood pressure

What are some potential cardiac complications associated with excessive alcohol consumption?

Cardiac arrhythmia or cause cardiac myopathy, which can be life-threatening.

What are some types of cancer that are associated with alcohol consumption?

Alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of mouth, esophageal, liver, colon, rectum, and breast cancer.

What is the relationship between alcohol consumption and cancer?

The relationship between alcohol consumption and cancer is not well understood and may be influenced by various factors such as genetics, lifestyle, and individual differences in alcohol metabolism.

How does alcohol consumption increase cancer risk?

The mechanisms by which alcohol consumption increases cancer risk are not fully understood but may involve DNA damage, oxidative stress, and changes in hormone levels.

What is the recommended level of alcohol consumption for females?

no more than 1 drink per day.

What is the recommended level of alcohol consumption for males?

no more than 2 drinks per day.

What is the potential harm associated with consuming more than 3 drinks per day?

may increase cholesterol synthesis, blood pressure, and the risk of cardiomyopathy or cardiac arrhythmia.

How can excessive alcohol consumption affect cholesterol synthesis and blood pressure?

can increase cholesterol synthesis and blood pressure, which can contribute to cardiovascular disease.

What is cardiomyopathy?

Cardiomyopathy is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes weakened, leading to reduced heart function.

How does moderate alcohol consumption affect HDL-C?

Moderate alcohol consumption can increase HDL-C, or "good" cholesterol.

How does moderate alcohol consumption affect blood platelets?

can make blood platelets less "sticky."

How does moderate alcohol consumption affect blood pressure?

Moderate alcohol consumption can reduce blood pressure.

How does moderate alcohol consumption affect inflammation?

Moderate alcohol consumption may reduce inflammation.