Day 2 – European Exploration & Spanish Colonization | Quizlet

Who was Christopher Columbus?

An Italian explorer who sailed for Spain in 1492 and reached the Americas.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)?

A treaty dividing newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.

What was the Protestant Reformation?

A religious movement challenging the authority of the Catholic Church.

Who were Martin Luther and John Calvin?

Leaders of the Protestant Reformation.

Who was Hernán Cortés?

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire.

Who was Montezuma II?

Aztec emperor defeated by Cortés

Who was Francisco Pizarro?

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire

What was the encomienda system?

Spanish system granting colonists the right to demand labor from Native Americans.

What was the mission system?

Spanish system of religious settlements to convert Native Americans to Christianity.

What were presidios?

Spanish military forts in the Americas.

Who was Juan de Oñate?

Spanish explorer and colonizer of the Southwest.

What was the Pueblo Revolt (1680)?

Uprising of Pueblo people against Spanish colonizers in New Mexico.

How were the Spanish able to conquer and colonize the Americas?

Through military force, alliances, and the encomienda system.

Describe the Spanish class system that emerged in the Americas

Spaniards at the top, mixed-race people in the middle, indigenous and enslaved Africans at the bottom.

What were the major differences in the Spanish, French, and English approaches to colonization?

Spain focused on conquest and conversion, France on trade and alliances with Native Americans, and England on settlements and land ownership

Describe the failed attempts at English colonization in the late 1500s.

Roanoke Island, established by Sir Walter Raleigh, failed due to lack of supplies and support.