A religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) focused on the Four Noble Truths and achieving enlightenment through the Eightfold Path.
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Mahayana Buddhism
A branch of Buddhism that emphasizes compassion and the role of bodhisattvas, emerging in the 1st century CE.
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Chan Buddhism
A Chinese form of Buddhism that blends Daoist traditions with Buddhist practices, focusing on meditation and direct experience.
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Confucianism
A philosophy emphasizing filial piety, social harmony, education, and structured societal relationships, developed by Confucius.
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Neo-Confucianism
A revival of Confucian thought during the Song Dynasty that incorporated elements of Buddhism and Daoism, focusing on morality and rational philosophy.
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Daoism
A Chinese philosophy/religion emphasizing harmony with the Dao (the Way), balance (yin-yang), and nature, founded by Laozi.
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Song Dynasty
A Chinese dynasty (960–1279 CE) known for economic growth, technological advancements, and Neo-Confucianism.
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Abbasid Dynasty
A major Islamic dynasty (750–1258 CE) known for cultural and scientific achievements during the Islamic Golden Age.
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Caliph
The political and religious leader of the Muslim community after Muhammad's death.
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Hajj
The pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims are expected to undertake at least once if able.
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Bhakti Movement
A Hindu devotional movement emphasizing personal devotion to gods and rejecting caste distinctions.
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Aztec Empire
A Mesoamerican empire (14th–16th century) known for military power and human sacrifice, centered in Mexico.
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Chinggis Khan
The founder of the Mongol Empire who united the Mongol tribes and led conquests across Asia.
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Ottoman Empire
A major Islamic empire lasting from 1299 to 1922, known for its expansion and power.
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Mercantilism
An economic theory focusing on maximizing exports and accumulating precious metals to increase national wealth.
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Protestant Reformation
A religious movement in the 16th century that challenged the Catholic Church's authority, leading to the creation of Protestant denominations.
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Social Contract Theory
A political theory arguing that individuals consent to surrender some freedoms in exchange for societal order.
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Imperialism
The policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
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Cold War
The geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union from the end of World War II until 1991.
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Nuclear Arms Race
The competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union to develop more powerful nuclear weapons during the Cold War.
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Glasnost
A policy of greater openness and transparency in the Soviet Union, introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev.
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Berlin Wall
A barrier constructed in 1961 symbolizing the division between communist and capitalist Europe, fell in 1989.
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