Health and the People AQA GCSE History

In what century was the year 1861?

19th

Name a year in the 15th century?

14XX

What was a barber surgeon?

An untrained 'doctor' who could perform minor operations and treatments

What idea of Hippocrates was used to decide causes of most illnesses in medieval times?

The Four Humours

What was Hippocrates main theory or thinking about illness and treatment?

The 4 humours - it dominated thinking for centuries

True or False: Galen used dissections on human beings to better understand the human body.

False. He dissected animals, but this led him to make mistakes

What was Avicenna's religion and language?

Islam and Arabic

What was the Christian Church's view on the ideas of Galen?

They fully supported him and blocked anybody who dared to question his ideas.

True or False: Dissection was allowed by the Christian Church in medieval times?

False. This stopped a lot of development being possible.

Why was The Islamic Empire seen as better in supporting and developing medicine?

They translated books and encouraged learning. They believed Allah had provided cures for diseases but they needed finding.

What does the term renaissance mean?

"re-birth". It describes a time of changing ideas, inventions and discoveries

When was the renaissance?

About 1450-1750

What disease did Edward Jenner find a vaccination for?

Smallpox

How did Edward Jenner find a vaccination for smallpox?

He used cowpox as he noticed milkmaids did not catch smallpox

Did everybody at the time approve of Jenner's new method of vaccination?

No. People mocked him, scientists criticised him, religious people disagreed with him

What was Louis Pasteur's main discovery?

That germs causes disease, not miasma or spontaneous generation

What was the name of Louis Pasteur's book, published in 1861?

Germ Theory

Before germ theory, what did many people believe caused infection and disease?

Miasma: an infectious mist or bad air

How did Robert Koch prove that specific germs causes specific diseases?

He took bacteria from a dead animal, grew it, injected it into a healthy animal, took it from the dead second animal and grew it again.

True or False: Robert Koch was able to identify which germs causes which diseases

True. In particular he identified the anthrax, cholera and tuberculosis microbes

Who accidentally discovered that penicillin could kill infection like staphylococcus?

Alexander Fleming (1928). He left a petri dish open when away for a holiday.

Which two doctors took Fleming's discovery and developed it to produce penicillin in larger quantities?

Florey and Chain. They were not fully successful until the American government helped during WW2

What are the seven factors the exam board suggest we need to know in explaining the development of medicine, surgery or public health?

Key individuals, science and technology, religion and superstition, luck and chance, war, communication/teamwork, Government policy and finance

What factors have helped the development of medicine and surgery since 1945?

Government finance, communication, technology, key individuals

True or false: There has been rapid progress in understanding of medicine and surgery since 1945?

True: examples include pace makers being fitted, heart and other transplants, vaccines becoming more widely available, CAT and MRI scanners, understanding DNA and even face or eye transplants

What is the major concern with the increased use of anti-biotics?

That some germs are becoming resistant to them. An example is MRSA.

True or False: Heart disease and cancer have increased in the last century as the major causes of death?

True. Heart disease now kills 46% and cancer 26%

True or False: Medieval Surgeons had a University education

False: At best they were trained through being apprenticed to another surgeon.

What kind of surgical operations might a barber surgeon carry out?

Bloodletting or tooth extraction

Name two famous Medieval surgeons who made progress in understanding and techniques:

Hugh of Lucca, John of Arderne, Mondino, Frugardi, Abulcasis

True or False: The Renaissance helped surgeons to develop better understanding and techniques.

True. New inventions such as the printing press, better microscopes. Changes in attitudes to dissection. More scientific thinking and sharing of ideas. Anatomical drawings

True or False Vesalius carried out his own dissections of human bodies and began to find mistakes in Galen's ideas

True. For example the human breastbone has three parts, not seven as in apes, which Galen dissected

Name three Renaissance Surgeons:

Versalius, Pare, Harvey, Sydenham

True or False: Harvey discovered and proved that blood circulated around the body

TRUE

True or False: In the early 18th century hospitals began to change by looking at how to cure not just care for their patients

True.

True or False: 18th century hospitals were often attached to training schools

True. Doctors finally gained experience on hospitals as part of their course.

What sort of treatments did patients typically get in a new 18th century hospital?

Still based on 4 humours (bleeding and purging)

What name is given to the time period between 1720 and 1750 which saw a big growth in the number of hospitals?

The Hospital Boom

How did Hunter's work begin to change the reputation and work of surgeons?

It became seen as more scientific and skilled, requiring training and support. Beginning of the end for barber surgeons.

What organisation was formed in 1745 to recognise the work of surgeons?

The Company of Surgeons. In 1800 the King renamed it the Royal Company of Surgeons. It still exists today to oversee surgeons' training and the advise the government. Hunter's statue is in the building.

True or False: Hunter trained many other surgeons

True. He was an inspirational surgeon to many new trainees. He was a close friend of Edward Jenner, who he trained with.

True or False: Hunter was a well respected and trusted surgeon in his time

False. Many were scared by his eccentric and unusual ideas. He was seen as a dangerous grave robber. However, he did begin to win people over through his scientific methods and new discoveries

True or False: In Hunter's time period (18th century) there were effective and reliable anaesthetics

False. Some people used wine or opium but it was not reliable or effective.

To practise as a surgeon in the 19th century you need a licence from which organisation?

The Royal College of Surgeons

True or False: In the 19th century it was possible for a woman to train as a doctor at at UK University

False. Some who did were not given full degrees or qualifications

True or False: Pain relief was not used in surgery before 19th century

False. People used hashish, mandrake, opium and alcohol.

Who discovered that chloroform could be used as an effective and safe pain relief?

James Simpson

What is the correct medical word for pain relief during an operation?

Anaesthetics

What type of acid did Lister use to kill infection in a wound?

Carbolic

Which doctor discovered that carblic acid would kill infection in a wound?

Lister (1865)

True or false: Lister changed his clothes and washed his hands before doing surgery

False.

True or False: X-rays were used on soldiers in WW1 to help find bullets or shrapnel in the body

True. X-ray was invented in 1895 and mobile x-ray became possible during the war.

What antibiotic was developed by the American government during WW2 and could be used to cure infections in deep wounds.

Penicillin

What is often used in surgery today instead of a scalpel?

Lasers (since 1987)

What is the name given to surgery using small fibre-optic cameras and computers used in recent times?

Key-hole surgery

True or False: Medieval Towns were generally clean and well kept

False. They were dirty, muddy, had open drains, no sewers

What was a cesspit?

A large hole in the ground where human waste was collected before the invention of sewers.

How did Medieval water supplies often get polluted?

People threw their waste directly into the rivers. Business would also use the rivers to take away their waste (example leather tanners or butchers)

What did people in Medieval times believe caused disease?

Miasma or bad smalls

Where was it cleaner and healthier during Medieval times, a monastery or a town?

Monastery

When did the Black Death arrive in England?

1347

How many people in Britain died from the Black Death?

1.5 million, a third of the population

What were the main symptoms of the bubonic plague?

Lumps or buboes in the groin and arm pit which gave off pus and bled. High fever and vomiting blood.

What is the meaning of the word quarantine?

Confining or stopping people from leaving a certain place. It was one effective method used to deal with the plague.

What was the only really effective method of dealing with the plague used in Medieval times?

Quarantine. Some local councils tried this but there was no national response to deal with the crisis.

What happened to food prices following the Black Death?

They rose (inflation) due to lack of supply

When did the Great Plague return on a large scale in the 17th century?

1665

True or False: People blamed very similar causes for the Great Plague as they had done for the Black Death in the 14th century?

True. (Planets, poisoned air, God)

True or False: People used very similar remedies and cures for the Great Plague in 1665 as they had done for the Black Death in the 14th century?

True. Leeches, use of animals on buboes

True or False: There was no change in the response to the Great Plague compared to the Black Death?

False. More measures were taken to try to stop it spreading.

True or False: Living conditions in towns improved during the industrial revolution

False. Towns grew massively in size and could not cope.

True or False. Sewers washed away human waster at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?

False. Sewers were not built until at least the 1850s.

True or False: Industrial cities arranged for rubbish to be collected from people's homes.

False. It was just thrown into the streets

True or False: By the time of the Industrial Revolution, living conditions had improved compared to Medieval

False. Nothing had been done to improve conditions and the Government believed in laissez-faire. Arguably conditions got worse when cities grew in size.

What did Edwin Chadwick write a report on, published in 1842?

Public health in cities. He said Miasma caused disease but did suggest governments paid to clean up.

What does laissez-faire mean?

Leave alone. Government should not act to interfere in people's lives.

When was the first public health act passed?

1848

Which Doctor made a key discovery that cholera was caused by polluted water in 1854?

Dr Snow

How did Dr Snow prove that Cholera was caused by polluted water?

He mapped out cases around Broad street pump in Soho. When the pump was removed, cases stopped.

What was the Great Stink?

During the summer of 1858 London smelled so badly that parliament was forced to leave the city.

Who did the government pay to build sewers following the Great Stink?

Joseph Bazalgette

True of False: Cholera never returned to London after Bazalgette built his sewers.

True.

When was the second public health act passed?

1875

What was included in the second public health act of 1875?

Medical Officers appointed, councils had to cover sewers, rubbish collection and street lighting

Which was at the turn of the twentieth century revealed that 40% of British men were not fit enough to be soldiers?

The Boer War

Which two men wrote reports at the turn of the 20th century highlighting large levels of poverty?

Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree (known as social reformers)

Which political party won the 1906 general election and began to improduce major social reforms?

The Liberal Party

What is meant by the term Welfare State?

A country where the government helps those in need. Sometimes known as social security.

True or False: The Beveridge Report said that there was very little poverty in Britain?

False. It highlight the 5 giants (disease, want, ignorance, idleness, squalor)

When was the NHS set up?

1948 (shortly after WW2)

Pasteur

Industrial era French scientists. Discovered germ theory. Proved miasma wrong.

Harvey

Renaissance scientist who discovered blood circulation and role of heart. Tested on cold blooded animals. Took 12 years for his book, De Motu Cordis, to be published. He was still unable to explain difference between arteries and veins or why blood circulated. Lots of hostile criticism but within 50 years his ideas were accepted and taught. No ability to do blood transfusions for many centuries.

Lister

Industrial period surgeon. Learned from Pasteur about germ theory and used carbolic acid to stop infections. Proved infections came from microbes in the air. He began the antiseptic approach. Critics at the time disbelieved him and carbolic acid was irritating to use. Later ideas were developed into aseptic surgery.

Simpson

Industrial era. Accidentally discovered chloroform could be used as Anaesthetic in 1847. Some people objected to its use and initial problems with dose. Queen Victoria used it during child birth. Infections (antiseptics) not discovered for 20 years, so death rate rose initially.

Fleming

Twentieth century scientist accidentally discovered penicillin.. Failed to fully test its use and was not able to develop it is mass quantities.

Crick and Watson

Discovered DNA in 1953 leading to gene therapy and genetic screening.

Vesalius

Renaissance scientists. Used dissection and discovered mistakes in Galen's work. Produced anatomical drawings in his book "The Fabric of the Human Body". Faced criticism and lost his job at Padua University. His work led to no immediate medical cures but was foundation stone for future understanding of the human body.

Pare

Renaissance war surgeon. During battle in 1537 used Rose Water/Egg White cream instead of cauterisation. Promoted ligatures to stop bleeding during amputations. Developed false limbs for his patients. His book "Works on Surgery" highly influenced later surgeons.

Hunter

Early industrial surgeon. Highly involved in research and discovery. Used grave robbers to get dead bodies for dissections. Wrote numerous books on a range of topics. Even experimented on himself, injecting with gonorrhoea. Found new ways of treating aneurysm on the leg, avoiding amputation. Involved in the setting up of the Royal College of Surgeons.

Jenner

Industrial age doctor. Noticed connection between cowpox and avoiding smallpox. Created first vaccinations. Lots of religious and scientific objections (he could not prove how his method worked). Supported by parliament to research further. Government made vaccinations compulsory. In 1980 Smallpox was announced as eradicated (completely removed).