Special Ed Midterm

Least Restrictive Environment

the requirement in federal law that students with disabilities receive their education “to the maximum extend appropriate” with nondisabled peers 

Inclusion

the practice of educating students with disabilities in the same general education classrooms as their non-disabled peers, providing them with necessary accommodations and supports to succeed

Accommodations

a change that helps a student overcome or work around the disability

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

*revised EHA*

a federal law that ensures eligible children with disabilities have access to a free and appropriate public education and related services

6 principles: zero reject, nondiscriminatory evaluation, free and appropriate public education, least restrictive environment, due process, parent and student participation 

Microculture

a smaller group within a dominant culture that share common identities such as language, class, religion, gender, race/ethnicity, disability, and income

Intersectionality

how disability, race, and other microcultures intersect with each other affecting some students more negatively than others causing disproportionate discrimination in special education 

Family Quality of Life

a concept that views the well-being of the entire family, not just the child with a disability, as a critical outcome of support services

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

*replaces NCLB*

provides that all students will be held to high academic standards; college and career readiness, required assessments to ensure student academic progress

Present Levels of Academic Achievement and Functional Performance (PLAAFP)

written summary of present levels of academic achievement and functional performance; addresses parental concerns and student’s strengths and needs

Related Services

services necessary to assist the student in benefiting from special education

Response to Instruction and Intervention (RTI)

a framework that uses the key feature of a school-wide support to promote effective instruction and support for learning; focuses on tiers of support and data-based decision-making to benefit all student concerning their learning of essential academic context

Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)

all students in the US have a right to receive an education

Universal Design for Learning (UDL)

the design of instructional plans including materials and activities to make content and information accessible to all children

3 main principles: engagement, representation, action and expression

Brown vs Board of Education

racial segregation in schools is unconstitutional 

Modifications

a change in what is being taught to or expected from the student

504 Plans

disability, no need; a blueprint for how the school should support a student with a disability, remove barriers to learning, and give the student equal access at school

Endrew F.

court case meant that educators must ensure that the student make progress; students should receive more than the “de minimus” education

Disproportionality 

refers to the over-representation or under-representation of students with disabilities who are also from various microcultures 

Notice of Recommended Educational Placement (NoREP)

a written document stating why an LEA chose to take action, to gain parental consent, and give parents prior notice before making any official changes to the student’s learning experience 

Specially Designed Instruction (SDI)

adapting, as appropriate, to the needs of an eligible child, content, methodology, or delivery of instruction to address the unique needs of a child that result from the child’s disability; ensures a child access to the general curriculum 

Nondiscriminatory Evaluation (NDE)

requires schools to evaluate students fairly to determine if they have a disability, and if so, what kind and how extensive 

Co-teaching 

two or more persons delivering instruction at the same time in the same physical space to a heterogeneous group of students

six approaches: one teach, one observe; teaming; parallel teaching; one teach, one assist; alternative teaching; station teaching

Person First Language

speech that emphasizes that a person is an individual first and their disability is just one characteristic

Multi-tiered Systems of Support (MTSS)

a comprehensive school-wide system that proactively addresses the academic, behavioral, social or emotional support needs of every student in a school site

Education for all Handicapped Children Act (EHCA)

a federal law that required all public schools to provide a free, appropriate, and public education to all children with disabilities 

Supplemental Aids and Services (SAS)

aids, services, and other supports provided in general education classes and other education related settings to enable children with disabilities to be educated with nondisabled peers to the maximum extent appropriate

adaptive equipment, assistive technology, training for staff and parents, peer tutors

Culturally Responsive Teaching (CRT)

uses the experiences, perspectives, family and social networks, strengths, and needs of diverse students as a resource to ensure learning and positive outcomes

Progress Monitoring

regularly collecting data to see if a student is meeting their goals from their IEP

Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP)

a legal document for infants and toddlers with developmental delays or disabilities, outlining the early intervention services they and their families will recieve

Extended School Year (ESY)

a program offered to students who demonstrate severe retention and regression of skills over an extended break from instruction

PARC vs Commonwealth of Education

outcome: identify and teach all children with mental retardation and develop evaluation systems to determine the most appropriate placements

Due Process

used to resolve conflicts between parents and the school system

IDEA established procedural safeguards to help parents and students enforce their rights under federal law

Positive Behavior Intervention and Support (PBIS)

a proactive system; data-based method for improving valued social and behavioral outcomes for students

Zero Reject

the principle that no student with a disability can be denied a free, appropriate public education

IEP process

IEP meeting is scheduled, request for evaluation, notice of recommended assignment, IEP is written, IEP is reviewed annually, nondiscriminatory evaluation, multidisciplinary team meeting