unit 8 vocab

triple alliance

the alliance of austria, germany, and italy in WW1.

triple entente

the alliance of great britain, france, and russia during ww1

schlieffen plan

failed german plan calling for a quick defeat of france before turning and attacking Russia

total war

a war in which distinctions bwtn the soldiers and civilians are blurred, and where the govt controls economic and social life to support the war effort

trench warfare

a type of fighting in which soldiers fight from deep trenches dug in the ground that provide protection from enemy fire and cover from attacks.

February revolution

unplanned uprisings that led to the abdication of tsar and the establishment of a provisional govt

petrograd soviet

a huge meeting of 2-3 thousand workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals modeled on the revolutionary soviets of 1905

bolsheviks

lenin's radical revolutionary arm of the russian party that of marxist socialism, which successfully installed a dictatorial socialist regime in Russia

treaty of Breast-Litovsk

peace treaty signed bwtn the central powers and russia that ended russian participation in World War I.

war communism

the application of centralized state control during the russian civil war, in which the bolsheviks seized control of industry and agriculture to support the war effort.

treaty of versailles

the 1919 peace settlement that ended war bwtn germany and the allied powers

fourteen points

wilsons 1918 peace proposal calling for open diplomacy, free trade, the establishment of the league of nations, and national self-determination

league of nations

a permanent international organization, established during the 1919 paris peace conference, designed to protect member states from aggression and stop future wars.

national self-determination

the right that peoples should be able to choose their own national governments through democratic majority rule elections and have the freedom to govern themselves without outside interference.

war guilt case

an article in the treaty of versailles that declared that germany (with austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by the fighting.

mandate system

the plan to allow britain and france to administer former ottoman territories

balfour declaration

a 1917 british statement that declared british support of a national home for the jewish people

logical positivism

a philosophy that emphasizes meaning through beliefs that can be empirically proven

existentialism

a philosophy that stresses the meaninglessness of existence and the importance of individual choice and freedom.

theory of special relativity

albert einstein's theory that time and space are relative to the observer and only the speed of light remains constant

id, ego, and superego

freudian terms to describe the three parts of the self and basis of human behavior

modernism

the artistic and cultural movements which were characterized by radical experimentation that challenged traditional forms of artistic expression

functionalism

the principle that buildings, like industrial products, should serve as well as possible the purpose for which they are made

bauhaus

a german school of fine and applied arts that brought together many leading modern architects, designers, and theatrical inovators

dadaism

an artistic movement that attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior delighted in outrageous conduct

steam-of-consciousness technique

a literary technique that uses interior monologue to capture a characters thoughts and feelings as they occur

"modern girl"

stereotypical image of the modern and independent working woman

dawes plan

war reparations agreement that reduced germany's yearly payments dependent on economic prosperity and granted large U.S loans to promote recovery

Great depression

a worldwide economic depression from 1929-1939, unique in its severity and duration and with slow and uneven recovery

popular front

a short lived new deal inspired alliance in france that encouraged the union movement and launched a far reaching program of social reform

totalitarianism

a radical dictatorship that exercises "total claims" over the beliefs and behavior of its citizens by taking control of the economic, social, and intellectual aspects of society

facism

a movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism, antisocialism, a dynamic and violent leader, and glorification of war and military

eugenics

a pseudoscientific doctrine that maintain that the selective breeding of humans could improve the general characteristics of a national population, which helped inspire Nazi ideas about "race and space" and ultimately contributed to the holocaust

five-year-plan

a plan launched by stalin, aimed at modernizing the soviet union and creating a new communist society with new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity

new economic policy

lenin's 1921 policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration

collectivization of agriculture

the forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large state-controlled enterprises in the soviet union under stalin

kulaks

the better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock under stalin and were generally not permitted to join collective farms; many of them starved or were deported to forced-labor camps for "re-education"

black shirts

mussolini's private militia that destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing socialists out of the city govts of northern italy

lateran agreement

a 1929 agreement that reorganized the vatican

national socialism