Haiti and Latin America Revolutions and Industrial revolution

saint domingue

france’s wealthiest colony where slave resistance was common, there were many free people of colour who were resented

what happened after enlightenment ideals spread in haiti

black haitans size upon ideals of universal rights and equality and demand abolition

Toussaint Louverture

a man who freed slaves, joins revolt and leads slave armies to victory

how did napoleon react to slave revolt in saint domingue

he was in need of revenue and sought to restore it, louverture was arrested

what did napoleon’s conquest of spain and portugal cause

created chaos as spanish king was replaced by joseph bonaparte and portugese royals flee to brazil

juntas

ruling council that is often composed of military officers who took control

why did colonial leaders open trade with britain

because of the french occupation of spain which temporarily removed a major grievance of colonial merchants

what was creoles attitude towards native masses in mexico?

uneasy alliances with anyone who was considered white, but the creoles and mestizos eventually join forces to win independencve in 1821

bolivar

creole, educated in spain and was influenced by enlightenment ideals

gran columbia

bolivar’s vision for a united federation of former spanish colonies on the model of the united states

caudillos

local strongmen/warlords who were usually creole who organized rebel armies but caused deep division

nationalism

the imagined community, powerful force in the modern world and emerges in ethnic and civic forms

conservatism

response to the radical egalitarianism of the french revolution which was first developed by edmund burke and was concerned with managing change

romanticism

intellectual and artistic movement that rejects the cold rationality of the enlightenment

david hume

questions the possibility of objective observation

what was the protestant revival movement fueled by

began with the lutherans and was linked to romantic rejection of enlightenment, british protestants drives the movement where there was a great awakening

industrialization

change in the production of goods that substituted mechanical power human/animal energy and transition away from rural agricultural model

why did the industral revolution happen

asympotic approach to limits of production, extension of european conflicts and peculiar nature of new world colonies as well as location and nature of coal in in britain

what did the industrial revolution lead to

expansion of productivity, importance of cotton, wage differences between britain and indian

what did colonialism in india look like

decline of mughal power after aurangzeb’s death, expansion of the eic and eic granted the right to tax bengal in 1765

mercantilism

increasingly imposed by force on india and cotton exports increasingly controlled by britain

why was britain first in industrialization

there was a new reliance on observation as well as curiosity about the world, connections with global markets as well as enlightenment ideas

what did the surging population lead to

drove demand as well as enclosure movement which was seen as the second agricultural revolution, increased productivity and demand for indian cotton

what were the environmental factors during the industrial revolution?

depletion of forests, early reliance on coal, high water table where mines required pumping and role of food sources as most income went to food

what kind of technology did the british invent

flying shuttle, spinning jenny, waterframe

steam power

was seen as sine qua non of revolution due to unique conjuncture of natural resources, labor supply and socio cultural conditions in britain

honore blanc and eli whitney

first used for weapons

what kind of production drove the majority of early industrialization

textiles

how much of britain lived in cities by 1800

40%

mass migration

refers to the large scale of emigration from europe to north america

what changes to the social hierarchy

mild decline of aristocratic elites, wealthy bourgeois merchants and industrialists, expansion of middle class and creation of vast wage earning working class

what happened to the middle class

factory owners joined it as political influence expands, and industrial wealth expanded professional class

professional class

consisted of lawyers, physicians, professors and journalists

what were societies and clubs used for

intellectual exchange and social status

what was charity work used for

it was often a symbol of status and was a way for the bourgeois to reduce misery of their workers

the new working class

a class whose lives were governed by the machine and clock, many of them were women and children

luddites

movement of displaced workers who protested exploitation by destroying or sabotaging industrial machinery

sexual division of labor

where work was still divided along gender lines but was radically different from preindustrial life as men worked outside and women did household chores and production work

why did women also work

wages were low enough that men could not support family alone, expansion of domestic service for single women

key factors of industrialization in britain

independent middle class, scientific revolution, coal, mercantile class, strong banking system