Modern World History

What enabled the rise of the Renaissance in Italian city-states?

The rise of the Renaissance began in Italy because city-states had a lot of wealth. They became very wealthy during the Middle Ages because they were centers of trade. These city-states were led by a powerful and wealthy merchant class who became patrons of the arts during the Reniassance to flourish.

how did the location of Italy help it become wealthier and be a center of trade

it was right on the water

What was humanism thought

to emphasize the value of human interests, capacities, and worth, focusing on classical texts and human potential. It was a study of wordly subjects such as grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric rather than religious subjects

What did humanists want to study

texts and cultures of Ancient Greeks and Romans to increase their understanding of current times

what did humanists believe

humanists believed that education should stimulate the individual’s creative powers

what did humanism make the shift away from

from “other-worldly” spiritual outlook to a “this world” human centered outlook. the power and centrality of the Roman Catholic Church begins to weaken.

what was medieval thought

Christianity and the official religion of the Roman Empire. the fuedal system had little to none education. the social and political structure based on feudalism and the system of social hierarchy where power was decentralized

what are some Renaissance artist techniques

• humanism

• realism

• symmetry

• harmony

• realistic sculptures of the human body

  • representing the ideal human form in the heightened state of realism

• people were the subjects

• arches

• domes

• columns

• pillars

medieval artist techniques

• religious

• focused on Christian beliefs and values

• flat

• not realistic proportions

• single color on an object

• no skin tones

• gothic

• pointed arches

• stained glass windows

• gargoyles

how did the Medici family have an impact

they ruled Florence for much of the Italian Renaissance and were patrons of the arts

• Cosimo de Medici gained control of the Florence government in 1434

  • his family ruled Florence for the next 300 years

  • lorenzo de Medici was a patron for Michelangelo

Purpose of Machiavelli’s The Prince

stressed the ends justifies the means (rulers should use whatever method necessary to achieve their goals)

what enabled the spread of Renaissance ideas?

the printing press

what was the influence of Italian art?

it was influenced by the classical cultures of Ancient Rome

what did the Northern Renaissance emphasize?

the Northern Renaissance placed emphasis on Christianity. It also used naturalism and intense realism with renowned artists

who are two northern renaissance artists

Jan Vermeer and Peter Brueghel

Who was Erasmus?

a scholar who criticized the immorality and corruption within the church, advocating for a return to the true teachings of Christ

what are Christian Humanists ideas?

that there was a want to expose the corruption and errors of the contemporary Church. they wanted to focus on reforming the Catholic Church and promoting humanist values within the context of Christianity

what is a renaissance man

comes from the belief that men should embrace all knowledge and become skilled in all things

who is an example of the renaissance man

leonardo da vinci

what impacts did the revival of classical texts have on learning

the idea of Italian humanists spread quickly. so dispersion included merchants who bought Italian books and paintings for sale and northern artists, sculptors, writers, and musicians who traveled to Italy were able to soak up new ideas and techniques

what are some long term causes of the Reformation?

widespread discontent with the Catholic Church, corruption, perceived worldliness, and abuses in the Church. intellectual and cultural shifts of the Renaissance, people wanted to know more about the bible in their own language and culture was less focused on the Church

what was Luther’s major argument

• salvation is achieved through faith, not sacraments, ceremonies, or rituals

• the Bible is the sole source of religious truth, not the priests or the pope

• all Christians have equal access to God and the Bible

• the Bible should be available in vernacular (common language) not just Latin

• Indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints should be banned'

  • priests should be permitted to marry

why did German princes in the north of the Holy Roman Empire support Luther

A desire for greater autonomy from the Holy Roman Emperor and the Catholic Church. The opportunity to seize the church lands and wealth to strengthen her own power. to garner popular support by aligning with a cause that resonated with subjects who sought a more personal relationship with God and more control over church matters

what was Calvin’s main doctrine

• salvation is gained through faith and God is all powerful

• humans, by their very nature, are sinful

• predestination, God long ago decided who would gain salvation

  • only those who were predestined could live truly Christian lives

what was the peace of augsburg

Charles V and his armies attacked Protestant princes in Germany. The peace of augsburg gave German princes the autonomy to choose to follow either Catholicism or Lutheranism and the peace did not last

what was Henry VIII’s motivation?

Henry wanted to annul his eighteen year marriage to Catherine of Aragon. she had given him a daughter, but not a male heir. so, he wanted a new wife who would give him a son

Roman Inquisition

established in 1542 by Pope Paul III to defend the integrity of the faith and identify false doctrine. Used secret testimonies and torture to find heretics. People who confessed or were found guilty by the court were publicly beaten, had their property confiscated, were imprisoned, and were executed

heretics

people who oppose the teachings of the Catholic Church

The council of Trent

met three times between 1545-1563. addressed the concerns brought up by the protestant reforms and helped revitalize the Catholic Church. It established penalties for corrupt clergy and schools to better educate the clergy. It affirmed that ceremonies were needed to worship God with splendor, God granted forgiveness only through the Church and priests, salvation comes from faith and good works, and the bible is not the only source of religious truth

what were the roles of jesuits

• defend the catholic faith

• spread the catholic faith around the world

• commitment to education'

  • founding schools and universities around the globe

causes of the 30 years’ war

• peace between protestant and catholics did not last after peace of augsburg

• religious and political tensions within the holy roman empire

  • holy roman emperor ferdinand II’s attempt to impose religious uniformity and suppress protestantism

protestant reformation - long term impact

• rise of religious freedom

• increased literacy

• the decline of the church’s power

• development of modern capitalism

• concept of individual rights

• religious wars in europe

• cultural divide

  • europe remained divided into a catholic south and protestant north

catholic reformation - long term information

• the catholic reformation stopped the momentum of the protestant reformation

• renewed people’s faith and trust in the Catholic church

  • Europe remained divided into a Catholic Southa and Protestant North

what are some economic factors of exploration

• there was migration of millions of people

• the atlantic slave trade brought millions of africans to the americas

what was Prince Henry the Navigator’s contribution to exploration

he funded the development of cartography and voyages of his subjects off the coast of africa

why did spain sponsor Columbus

• find a westward route to asia

• expand spanish power and territory

• economic opportunnity

• relgious motivation

what did the columbian exchange trade?

• animals

• bacteria

• technology

what was the impact of the columbian exchange

it created connection between eastern and western hemispheres like never before

what was the columbian exchange

an exchange between the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa) and the New World (the Americas)

what impacts did the columbian exchange have on people?

more enslaved people were being transported and Native Americans died because of the diseases brought to them

who was hernan cortes

he conquered the aztec people and helped expand the spanish influence in the New World

what was the Middle Passage

enslaved africans were a major export in the trade system. this is where weapons and goods were traded for captives.

what was the treaty of tordesillas

a treaty signed between spain and portugal, dividing the non-european world between them

what were the consequences of exploration on Native people

Columbus’ relationship started off friendly, but then Columbus assaulted Taino men and women and claimed the Taino land for Spain

what did Columbus do after he claimed the Taino’s land

he required each Taino to give him a set amount of gold, and any Taino who failed to deliver was tortured and killed

what was ancient scientist thinking about

it was based on philosophy, logic, and observation without experimentation. knowledge came from reasoning about nation rather than testing it

what did scientific revolution scientists think

they used the scientific method to help them figure out answers to the questions they had in a more timely and ethical manner

who was copernicus?

an astronomer who shared and built upon Galileo’s experiments, passing on what they learned so they could innovatewhat

what was copernicus’ impact

he believed the earth was round and brought about a heliocentric view

what is a heliocentric view?

where the earth rotates on an axis and around the sun (planets in a line)

why was galileo put on trial

because he published his teachings, and pope urban VIII tried him for heresy

what did kepler contribute to astronomy

provided mathematical proof that the planets revolve around the sunw

what did kepler believe

the planets didn’t orbit in circles but in ellipses. he didn’t fear the catholic church because he was a protestant German, out of reach from the church

what was newton’s impact

expanded on the findings of Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler. Newton developed the famous theory of Calculus. He used the three laws of motion, which he developed, to prove gravity

what did Bacon do

he was a philosopher that developed the scientific method. the method was used to confirm findings and prove or disprove a hypothesis

what did william harvey do?

discovered that blood circulates throughout the body, pumped by the heart and returning through the veins

what was a major contribution of the scientific revolution

the scientic method

how did the scientific method strengthen science

thinkers devoted themselves to understanding how we know what we know and how truth is determined. the scientific method led to a shift in the way people understood the world around them

how did the ideas of the scientific revolution spread quickly throughout Europe

the ideas of the scientific revolution spread quickly throughout europe by the use of the printing press