Flashcards on Bones, Joints, and Soft Tissue Tumors

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the lecture notes on Bones, Joints, and Soft Tissue Tumors.

Musculoskeletal System

Components include bone, cartilage, joints, and soft tissue.

Congenital Developmental Disorders of Bone and Cartilage

Less common, examples include Achondroplasia, Osteogenesis Imperfecta, and Osteopetrosis.

Acquired Developmental Disorders of Bone and Cartilage

More common, examples include Osteopenia/Osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and Rickets/Osteomalacia.

Achondroplasia

Most common disease of the growth plate and a major cause of dwarfism; caused by a GOF mutation in FGFR3, inhibiting endochondral growth.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Also known as ‘brittle bone disease’; characterized by abnormal development of type I collagen, leading to bone fragility.

Osteopetrosis

Group of uncommon hereditary disorders caused by deficient osteoclastic activity (reduced bone resorption), resulting in diffuse symmetric bone sclerosis and brittle bones.

Osteoporosis

Decreased bone mass; can be localized (e.g., disuse) or generalized (as a manifestation of a metabolic bone disease).

Rickets

Inadequate mineralization of bone; occurs in children, causing bone deformities.

Osteomalacia

Inadequate mineralization of bone; occurs in adults, causing susceptibility to fractures but no deformities.

Hyperparathyroidism

Classified into primary (autonomous hyperplasia or tumor of the parathyroid gland) and secondary (compensatory hypersecretion of PTH due to prolonged hypocalcemia); hallmark is increased osteoclastic activity.

Paget Disease (Osteitis Deformans)

Characterized by episodes of localized, disorganized osteoclastic activity and bone resorption, resulting in skeletal deformity caused by accumulation of excessive amounts of architecturally abnormal, unstable bone.

Fracture

Loss of bone integrity due to mechanical injury and/or diminished bone strength.

Osteonecrosis

Infarction (ischemic necrosis) of bone, caused by vascular injury, drugs (corticosteroids), systemic disease (sickle cell anemia), or radiation.

Osteomyelitis

Inflammation of bone and bone marrow, usually caused by bacteria (S. aureus most common), but can also be due to viruses, parasites, and fungi.

Chronic Osteomyelitis

Occurs when acute osteomyelitis fails to resolve, leading to chronic inflammation and residual necrotic bone (sequestrum).

Tuberculous Osteomyelitis (Pott’s Disease)

Tuberculosis of vertebral bodies, resulting in vertebral deformity and collapse and secondary neurologic deficits; may extend into adjacent soft tissues, resulting in a cold abscess.

Osteoid Osteoma

Benign lesions of bone that in many cases represent developmental or reactive growths rather than true neoplasms; most common locations are the facial bones and skull.

Osteoblastoma

Benign bone tumors similar to osteoid osteomas but larger (>2 cm); more common in the spine and characterized by dull, achy pain.

Osteosarcoma

Most common variant is a malignant bone tumor characterized by osteoid formation by malignant tumor cells; distal femur is the most common site.

Osteochondroma

Common of all tumors of bone; thought to probably represent a malformation rather than a true tumour because they stop growing once the normal growth of the skeleton is completed

Chondrosarcoma

Malignant neoplasms producing cartilage; bones of the shoulder, pelvis, proximal femur, and ribs are most commonly involved.

Giant Cell Tumor of Bone

Also known as Osteoclastoma; contains large numbers of giant cells admixed with mononuclear cells; arises in the epiphyses of long bones; between 20-40 years of age.

Ewing Sarcoma

Primitive malignant neoplasm of bone; presents with pain, local inflammation, fever, anemia, and leukocytosis; X-rays show a destructive lytic tumor with an onion-skin appearance.

Osteoarthritis

Most common disorder of the joints affecting elderly patients (>65 years old) characterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Chronic autoimmune disorder that principally attacks the joints, producing a nonsuppurative proliferative and inflammatory synovitis.

GOUT

Tissue accumulation of excessive amounts of uric acid resulting in recurrent episodes of acute arthritis, formation of large crystalline aggregates known as TOPHI and resulting in joint deformity

Infectious arthritis

Bacteria is common pathogen( gonococci, staphylococci, streptococci, haemophilus influenza and gram negative rods) and its diagnosis and treatment is mandatory to avoid permanent joint damage

Soft Tissue Tumours

classified on the basis of the tissue they recapitulate including fat, fibrous tissue, muscle and neurovascular tissue