Ch. 1 -3 Nuc Med I

Exam

Clinical applications involve the administration of radioactive tracers (radiopharmaceuticals) to provide diagnostic information regarding disease states

What is nuclear medicine

therapeutically

Some isotopes can also be used _______ to treat certain diseases

gamma ray or high energy photon

When the radionuclide decays it emits a ________.

True

True or False: The energy level of these photons are high enough that a significant number can leave the body without attenuating or being scattered in the body.

a gamma-ray or positron emitting radionuclide

What is a compound labeled with in nuclear medicine?

radiopharmaceutical or tracer

The radiolabeled compound is also called

single photon imagaing and positron imaging

Two classes of nuclear medicine imaging

gamma-ray emission

What type of radionuclide decay does single photon imaging use

positron emission

What type of radionuclide decay does positron imaging use

Tc 99m

What radionuclide decays by gamma ray emission, typically used in single photon imaging

Single Photon Emissions Computed Technology

SPECT

short

Positrons have a ______ lifetime

annihilates; electron; two

During positron Imaging, the positron interacts with and _____ an ______ to emit _____ high energy photons

tomographic

What type of images are formed in positron imaging

False

True or False: Tomographic images in Positron Imaging are form from on angle

biological or physiologic

Nuclear medicine provides _______ information whereas other modalities provide outstanding anatomic images

tissue perfusion, glucose metabolism, somatostatin receptor status of tumors, density of dopamine receptors in the brain and gene expression

examples of the diverse biological processes that can be measured by nuclear medicine include

Ture

True or False: Nuclear medicine is more specific compared to CT/US/MRI

metabolic process

Exams in nuclear medicine have tailor made pharmaceuticals which allow us to specifically target the ________ in the body that is called into question.

FDA

What governing organization has approved safe radiation doses for each compound?

planar; one

A ____ image is obtained by taking a picture of the radionuclide distribution in the patient from ______ particular angle

Henri Becquerel 1896

Discovery of radioactivity - who and when

Marie Curie 1898

Discovery of Radium - who and when

Wilhelm Roentgen 1895

Discovery of x-rays - who and when

Blumgart & Weiss 1927

first human study using radioactive tracers - who and when

Earnest Lawrence 1930

Invention of the Cyclotron

Hal Anger 1958

Invented the first nuclear medicine gamma camera for imaging - who and when

Paul Harper 1964

Implemented the use of 99mTc in Nuclear Medicine

Benedict Cassen 1951

Developed the Rectilinear scanner

Moly Cow

Mo-99/Tc-88m generator is also called

Mo-99; Tc-99m

Moly Cow - Saline Solution flows through ____ sample collecting ______,

True

True or False: Nuclear medicine is the only modality that has the capability of incorporating other radiology scanners

PET/CT

Gives great physiological information paired with CT’s anatomical data for scans

PET/MRI

Studies are still being done to determine proper protocols for imaging and scanning. Has the potential to have the best technology for soft tissue pathologies.

Quantities

Physical properties such as time and energy that can be measured in units, such as seconds and joules.

Quantity

Describes what is measured

Unit

Describes how much

Base Quantity

the given standard that everything is measured to, i.e. the original distance (m), mass (kg) and time (sec)

Derived Quantities

Are combinations of base quantities

Particulate radiation

Atomic or subatomic particles that carry energy in the form of kinetic mass in motion

Electromagnetic Radiation

Energy is carried by oscillating electrical and magnetic fields traveling through space at the speed of light

waves; photons

Electromagnetic radiation behaves as ____ but can also be labeled as _____

high energy and short wavelengths

Why do X-ray and Gamma radiation behave differently from other types of radiation

atom

the smallest unit that any chemical element can be broken down into without losing its chemical identity

John Dalton

an atom was hypothesized as to its exact theoretical structure

Nucleus

The positively charged core of an atom containing protons and neutrons

Electron

the negatively charged particle that is rotating around the Nucleus

Proton

the positively charged particle that is fixed in the nucleus

neutron

the neutral charge particle that helps maintain gravitational balance of the atom

identical

Protons have an _______ energy requirement to Neutrons due to their heavier size

0.511 MeV

energy level of an electron

938.272 MeV

energy level of a proton

938.272 MeV

energy level of a neutron

K , L, M, N

order of energy levels (shells) of an atom

to maintain thermodynamic configuration

Why do stable atom follow configuration that allow them to fill th inner electron levels first and then their outermost shells

increases

The more positive the charge of the nucleus _____ the binding affinity of the electrons

the electromagnetic pull of the charge differentials

why does the binding affinity of the electrons increase with the a more positive charged nucleus

outer shell electrons

which electrons require the least amount of energy to be emitted

outer shell electrons

which electrons are usually targeted when radiation is being emitted

bone scan

example of planar image

radioactivity

process involving events in individual atoms and nuclei

Dalton (Da) or unified atomic mass unit (u)

basic unit of mass of biomolecules

electron volt (eV)

basic unit of energy

electron volt

the amount of energy acquired by an electron when accelerated through an electrical protentional of 1 V

1 eV = 1.6022×10^-19 kg*m²/sec²

conversation of SI energy units to electron volt

931.5 MeV

1u = ______ MeV

radiation

energy in transit

Particulate radiation

consisting of atomic or subatomic particles (electrons, protons, etc.) that carry energy in the form of kinetic energy of mass in motion

Electromagnetic radiation

energy is carried by oscillating electrical and magnetic fields traveling through space at the speed of light

none

What is the mass of a photon

none

what is the charge of a photon

speed of light

speed of a photon

radio; micro; infrared; visible light'; UV; x-rays; gamma

list of EM rays from lowest energy to highest energy

Z

Atomic number symbol

binding energy

The energy required to completely remove an electron from a given shell in an atom

increases

binding energy _______ with the positive charge of the nucleus

the difference in binding energies between the two shells

The energy required to move an electron from an inner to an outer shell is exactly equal to

Auger effect

an electron from an outer shell again fills the vacancy, but the energy released in the process is transferred to another orbital electron

When an electron fills a vacancy in a lower energy shell energy emitted from that is characteristic radiation. An auger electron is emitted when an outer shell electron fills an inner shell vacancy the energy released from those transfers to another electron that is then emitted from the atom, that electron is Auger electron

What is the difference between characteristic radiation and an Auger electron

two

how many orbital vacancies exist after the auger effect occurs

fluorescent yield

The probability that a vacancy will yield characteristic x rays

characteristic x-ray

Auger effect

A

atomic mass number symbol

Atomic mass (A) on TOP, atomic number (Z) on bottom

Order of atomic mass and number in the atomic composition

N

neutron number

938.272 MeV

Energy of a proton

isotopes

Nuclides that have the same atomic number Z

125-I, 127-I, and 131-I

examples of isotope families

isobars

Nuclides with the same mass number A

131-I, 131-Xe, and 131-Cs

examples of isobars

isotones

Nuclides with the same neutron number N

examples of isotones

isotopes have the same number of protons, isotones the same number of neutrons, and isobars the same mass number (A)

mnemonic technique to remember nuclide types

coulombic forces and nuclear forces

Two kinds of forces withing the nucleus

REPULSIVE forces that exist between positively charged protons

what are coulombic forces

ATTRACTIVE forces that exist between two nucleons (neutron/proton)

what are nuclear forces

repulsive coulombic forces between protons

Nuclear forces hold the nucleus together against the

ground state

The most stable arrangement of nucleons