Intervention in Scotland

Who died June 1559 and why?

Henry II of France- accident in a jousting match

Who succeeded Henry II?

His eldest son Francis II, who wife was MQOS

Who was MQOS?

Liz’s cousin and the main catholic claimant to the throne

What did Francis’s accession bring to power in France?

Strongly Catholic Guise faction

What did the Guises want to use Scotland as?

An instrument of French policy

What were French troops sent to garrison and who did this alarm?

Major Scottish fortresses- alarmed John Knox

Who was John Knox?

Radical Calvinist who was the leader of the Scottish reformation

Who was John Knox’s political allies?

Lords of the Congregation, who were seeking power in Edinburgh

What did Lords of Congregation do after conflict happened with the French troops?

Requested assistance from their fellow Protestants in England

What was Liz cautious about interfering in?

The domestic affairs of another nation in which subjects were rebelling against sovereign authority

Why did she loathe Knox?

He wrote a heavily misogynistic pamphlet and said female rule was repugnant to nature

Why did Cecil strongly support the intervention?

He sympathised with the religious predicament of Scottish Protestants and knew England would be more secure without a French force north of the border

Why did he seek the removal of MQOS?

It would weaken her influence as a potential Catholic claimant to the English throne

What did he want to incorporate Scotland within?

A wider ‘imperial’ British State, which he considered necessary for the survival od Protestant England

Who was Cecil opposed by in this?

His normal ally and brother-in-law Sir Nicholas Bacon

How did Cecil persuade Liz to intervene?

Played on her insecurities

Criticised Francis and Mary for using England’s royal symbol (coat of arms) as if it belonged to them- implying their right to the English throne

Threated to resign if Liz failed to support him

What is the process of intervention in Scotland a clear illustration of?

The way decision-making in fp could be influenced both by religious considerations and a key individual

What was intervention limited initially?

money and armaments

What happened at the end of Dec 1559?

Navy was sent to the Firth of Forth to stop French reinforcements from landing

When was the Treaty of Berwick?

February 1560

What was the Treaty of Berwick?

Lords of the Congregation were offered unconditional support- March 1560, an army was sent north

What did both the army and navy do?

Blockade Leith, just outside Edinburgh and where most of the French force was situated, from land and sea

What happened to the siege?

Failed

What other circumstances forced a French withdrawal?

French fleet severely damaged by a storm and the regent of Mary of Guise died

What happened in the Treaty of Edinburgh July 1560?

Cecil secured favourable terms

Effort to end the siege of Leith and replaced the Auld Alliance with a new Anglo-Scottish accord

Maintain peace between England and France while ensure Scottish independence from foreign military intervention

End of French support for MQOS and withdrawal of French troops from Scotland

What was the Lords of the Congregation accepted as?

A provisional conciliar govt

What happened to the Guises after the death of Francis II in Dec?

Fell from power, MQOS’s influence on French policy came to an end, and she had to return to Scotland

What was MQOS forced to accept in Scotland?

The political and religious power of her enemies

How had Cecil triumphed?

Interests of Scottish Protestants had been protected

Political influence of Mary had been reduced

What was Liz conscious about?

Success had been achieved through good fortune- death of Francis II- and she would proceed more cautiously in the future