history unit 3

20th Amendment

Lessened the time between election day and inauguration day

21st Amendment

Repeal of Prohibition

Alphabet Agencies

Government agencies that came to be known by the first initials of their names.
Created by the New Deal to bring relief, recovery, and reform
Created during the First 100 Days

Banking Holiday

A holiday that shut down the banking system.
Roosevelt set out to rebuild confidence in the nation's banking system and to stabilize America's banking system.

Bank Run

widespread panic in which great numbers of people try to redeem their paper money

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Buying "on margin"

Buying stocks with the help of a broker in hopes to make more money.
Those buying on margin would get a loan so they could invest double their money

Consumerism

Increase of interest to buy from consumers
This can be shown through advertising and the manipulation advertisers used to make consumers feel they needed certain products

Court Packing Plan

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.
A severe drought that lasted from approximately 1932-1932
Harmed crops and life on the Great Plains
Combined with the wind to create devastating dust storms

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

An Act to limit the immigration of migrants into the United States.
Only 3% of a nationality can be admitted into the US
3% based off of the 1910 census

Eugenics

In scientific terms: the scientific cultivation of healthier and superior beings
American version backed by racism and was used as justification of deportation, fertilization, and violence against minorities

First Hundred Days

The first one hundred days of FDR's inauguration
Signed a lot of bills that would later be known as the "alphabet agencies"

Five Power Naval Treaty

Treaty made during the Washington Conference
Made to help stop the naval armament race in Asia, Us, Great Britain,and Japan
established a naval holiday
5:5:3 ratio for: capital ships, battleships, and heavy cruisers

Flappers/Vamps

women of the 20's, independent, worked outside of the home, short hair, raised hemlines, straight waist.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade.

Four Power Treaty

Treaty between Japan, Great Britain, US and France
Created at the Washington Conference
Stated that each country agreed to respect one another's rights in the pacific ocean and consult in case of aggression.

Fundamentalists

Opposed beliefs of modernists
Anti biology

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region
policy in which they focus on regional power, and work with Latin American countries by choice instead of force. (Troops taken out of Haiti, Cuba released from Platt amendment,) Wants to protect Latin America from Asian Powers.

Harlem Renaissance

A migration of black people to the north
Black culture developed and blossomed, creating safe communities for black people

Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act

A law, enacted in 1930, that established the highest protective tariff in U.S. history, worsening the depression in America and abroad.
Increase tariff on foreign imports to the U.S
Goes with isolationalism

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Immigration Act of 1924

Limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota
2% of the number of foreign-born
United States Census of 1890

Installment Buying/Buying on Credit

Like modern day afterpay
You can buy the product now and pay for it slowly overtime

Isolationism

A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

Closing off from national affairs to better focus on domestic affairs (EX- hightening tariffs)

Jazz

A form of music created by African-Americans, born in Louisiana

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Pact between 14 other nations that promised to not use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or origin they may be, which may arise among them"

London Economic Conference

A conference taking place in london to combat the nationwide depression and regulate currency and trade (FDR backed out of this conference)

Mafia

Criminal organization from Italy that came to the US through immigration. Flourished during the 1920s, specializing in bootlegging and distributing alcohol.

Mass Production

When a company produces a large amount of goods
Could be the result of proper techniques being created (like the ones by Ford)

Mechanization

Machines bring brought into an industry to replace the work done by people.

Modernists

Opposed beliefs of fundamentalists
Pro-Biology

New Deal and Programs

FDR's plan to help the US during the great depression. Included programs such as the; CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), NRA (National Recovery Act), WPA (Works Progress Administration), PWA (Public Works Administration), AAA (Agriculture Adjustment Act), SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission), TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) , and FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation).

Neutrality & Neutrality Acts

The mentality of the US and government to stay neutral during world conflicts
The acts made sure no businesses benefited from the war and past mistakes would not repeat.
No exporting of arms of resources
No traveling on countries in conflict ships during times of war

Nye Committee

Special Committee that investigated the financial and banking interests that were tied to the U.S's involvement in WW1
Gave movement to the passage of the Neutrality Acts

Palmer Raids

General Mitchell Palmer would storm certain areas, completely destroying them, to eliminate communism

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act

Relief goes both ways
Reduce tariffs (50% reduction) national can sell abroad only if US will buy products abroad
Foreign Trade Increases

Prohibition/Noble Experiment

a nationwide ban that prohibited the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol.

Red Scare

The fear of russian immigrants because certain people believed they would bring communism and ruin the USA's capitalism

Relief, Recover, & Reform- 3R's

Relief: Immediate help for individuals (Short-term)
Recovery: Immediate help for industries (Short-term & Long-term)
Reform: Changes to systems, permanently (Long-term)

Sacco & Vanzetti Case

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Speakeasies

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally

Speculation

Attempting to predict stock outcomes, based on guessing. Not a legitimate way to invest

The Great Crash 1929

The collapse of the U.S.stock market in 1929

Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934

act stated to give the Philippines independence after 12 years of it being passed.

Volstead Act

The Volstead act was created to enforce what was the 18th amendment (prohibition)
The act failed to regulate

Washington Conference

Conference between the major powers (France, UK, Japan) in the world regarding naval disarmament and ways to relieve tensions in East Asia

Louis Armstrong

A black musician, highly prominent in the Harlem Renaissance.
"You ain't seen nothin' yet!"

Carrie Buck

A girl from Virginia who was deemed of "low intelligence" The entire family was declared as being of below average intelligence. Carrie and her sister were eventually sterilized against their wills by the American Eugenics movement.

Calvin Coolidge*

30th president of the US. Originally the vice president to Harding.
Known as a very quiet president. He was a republican that favored a small government and big business. Often left other officials to resolve foreign issues.

F.Scott Fitzgerald

(1896-1940), American author wrote The Great Gatsby (1925) escape artist talked about life

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Marcus Garvey

Founder and head of the universal negro improvement association (UNIA)
UNIA believed in sponsoring stores and other businesses to keep blacks' dollars in black pockets

Warren Harding*

29th president of the US; Republican; "Return to Normalcy" (life as it had been before WWI-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal Isolationism
era of prosperity of business

Earnest Hemingway

Writer who responded toward patriotism
"The Sun also Rises" "A Farewell to arms"

Herbert Hoover*

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community. believed in a laissez faire approach

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

KKK-Revival

Revived after the movie "The Birth of a Nation"

Charles Lindberg

Pilot
First to fly solo west to east over the atlantic

A.Mitchell Palmer

a target of the 1919 bombing plot,
Attorney General of us, a key leader of anti-Communist
campaign.

Eleanor Roosevelt

She became the consciousness of the New Deal.
Battled for the impoverished and oppressed. In Alabama, she separated blacks and whites

Franklin Roosevelt

President of the US during Great Depression and World War II
New Deal
Democrat
Forgotten man

Babe Ruth

Baseball legend that challenged the way baseball was played. Had a very "all or nothing approach" always swinging with everything he had. Represented the overconsumption attitude of the decade.