AP Psych

Pons

sleep and arousal

frontal lobe

associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

parietal lobe

receives sensory input for touch and body position

neurogenesis

the formation of new neurons

Marijuana is a

Hallucinogen

REM accounts for \____ of sleep

20%

Stage 3 NREM

A deep sleep, mainly theta brain waves with some delta brain waves appearing (farthest from consciousness)

Stage 2 NREM

sleep spindles

Opiates mimic which neurotransmitter?

endorphins

Cognitive Theory

Dreams embody our thoughts about ourselves, others, and the world

sleep control center

hypothalamus

How long is a sleep cycle?

90 minutes

Cocaine affects \__________

reward pathway

Physical function theory

Theory that dreams preserve and develop brain's neural pathway

activation-synthesis theory

Dream theory that fore brain attempts to interpret neural activity

iconic memory

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

glical cells

I support neurons and help produce myelin what am I?

sleep, moods/emotions

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps regulate:

brain plasticity

If a blind person uses one finger to read Braille, the brain area dedicated to that finger expands as the sense of touch invades the visual cortex. This is an example of

Random assignment

What technique is used by experimenters to minimize differences between participants in the experimental and control groups?

after you exercise

Commonly endorphins are released...

flashbulb memory

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's classic three-stage model of memory includes all of the following, EXCEPT:

Difference threshold

While watching TV, Min's son asks him to turn up the volume. After doing so, he is asked to turn it up again, claiming that nothing had changed. Evidently, the first increase was below his son's

hippocampus

Which brain part is responsible for facilitating explicit memories?

opponent-process theory

Proposed theory for color vision with opposing retinal process for red-green, yellow-blue, white-black.

cochlea

Where is the basilar membrane located?

Students sometimes get a piece of candy if they are on time

Which is an example of a Variable-ratio schedule?

lapse into a coma

Severing a cat's reticular formation from higher brain regions causes the cat to

umami

What is the 5th newest taste to be found?

action potential

The electrical signal that travels down an axon is called?

encoding failure

After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Adam cannot form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates:

Decrease in motor skills, balance, and equilibrium

If someone has damaged their cerebellum, what symptoms might you see in them?

introspection

Wilhelm Wundt who is often cited as the "Father of Psychology" established the following method for asking people to report their conscious experiences when presented with a series of objects. The intention was to better understand one's inner conscious experience. This process is known as which of the following?

absolute threshold

When a stimulus can be sensed 50% of the time, it has met:

cornea

What is the first part of the eye that light hits?

PET scan

Alice's doctor has ordered a brain scan because she is concerned that Alice's brain is not using glucose properly. Which of the following tests has Alice's doctor most likely ordered?

criterion-referenced test

This type of standardized test compares a person's performance to a pre-defined set of standards and is designed to determine if a person has achieved specific skills or mastered certain knowledge (ex: AP exams)

bipolar cells; ganglion cells; optic nerve

A visual message moves from the visual receptors located in the retina (rods and cones) towards the occipital lobe. Choose the correct route of the message as it is processed by the respective components of the visual system.

a conditioned fear of guns

Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory?

negative reinforcement

Luis puts on his seatbelt each time he gets in his car because doing so stops the beeping alarm, which causes him to wear his seatbelt more often. Which learning principle explains why he continues this behavior?

mimic and produce the same effect as certain neurotransmitters.

Agonists are psychoactive drugs that

variable ratio

Amelia is a frequent visitor to the slot machine on the Boardwalk each time she goes to the beach. She will spend hours playing the machines, even when she does not frequently win any money. She always feels like the next game will be the one where she wins big. Which schedule of reinforcement keeps her playing?

love and attachment

Harlow is best known for his research on

negative reinforcement

Henry has great anxiety before any exam. If he performs a ritual to organize exam materials before he begins, his anxiety temporarily goes away. Because this ritual provides relief for Henry, he has increased this habit. This is an example of

unconditioned stimulus

Amelia had a stomach bug that caused her to get sick after eating her favorite dish, General Gau's Chicken. After this, the smell of the chicken will cause her to feel sick.

In this scenario, the stomach bug is the

has lost the ability to discriminate phoneme sounds outside her native language.

A typical one-year-old child:

functional fixedness

Pablo vainly searches for a screwdriver while failing to recognize that a readily available coin in his pocket would turn the screw. His oversight best illustrates:

representativeness heuristic

A defense attorney emphasizes to a jury that her client works full-time, supports his family, and enjoys leisure-time hobbies. Although none of this information is relevant to the trial, it is designed to make the defendant appear to be a typical member of the local community. The lawyer is most clearly attempting to take advantage

transduction

The process by which information is changed from physical information to neural information that can be processed by the brain known as

endorphins

Which neurotransmitter is affected by opiates?

all or none principle

Describes the fact that a neuron fires at the same intensity despite the intensity of the stimulus.

Vygotsky

Scaffolding; Zone of proximal

action potential

An electrical impulse within a single neuron is called a

assimilation

A 2 year old child sees a man who is bald on top of his head and has long frizzy hair on the sides. To his father's horror, the toddler shouts "Clown, clown" This is an example of \___________________.

integrity vs despair

What stage am I?They look back on their lives and either see a sense of worth or failure.

sensorimotor

Peek-a-boo works on children in what stage?

formal operational stage

The ability to use deductive logic, think abstractly and systematically solve problems emerges during the:

Artificialsim

Bobby believes that the sky is blue because someone painted it that color. This is an example of . . .

accommodation

In the "clown" incident, the boy's father explained to his son that the man was not a clown and that even though his hair was like a clown's, he wasn't wearing a funny costume and wasn't doing silly things to make people laugh. This new knowledge, the boy was able to change his schema of "clown" and make this idea fit better to a standard concept of "clown". This is an example of\___________________.

law and order

Hank doesn't drive over the speed limit because it's against the law. He is in the \___ stage of moral development.

encoding

The process of getting information into memory is called\_______

Welsher's (WAIS)

What is the most commonly used intelligence test?

savant syndrome

A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill.

standardized

When a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative and pretested sample of people, the test is said to be

analytical, creative, practical

Robert Sternberg developed the Triacrchic theory of intelligence, which he believed is comprised of 3 types of intelligence:

representativeness heuristic

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype.

heuristic

A(n) \________ represents a general principle that guides problem solving, though it does not guarantee a correct solution.

Howard Gardner

Who came up with the 8 intelligence types?

effortful processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness is called

availability heuristic

When instances come readily to mind, we often presume such events are common. What of the following is the term for this phenomenon?

Algorithm

A problem-solving rule or procedure that, when followed step by step, assures that a correct solution will be found is known as:

implicit memory

Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a recollection of that experience is known as

Receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the neural chain of events set in motion by an environmental stimulus?

exhaustion

The final stage of general adaptation theory is known as

It regulates levels of arousal.

Which of the following is true of the reticular activating system?

The lasting nature of personal characteristics

In general, trait theories emphasize which of the following?

The same physiological response can produce different emotions, depending on the context within which the response occurs and a person's interpretation of that context.

According to Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's theory of emotion, which of the following is true?

Nikos can consider both the height and width of a container.

Which of the following behaviors is most clearly associated with Jean Piaget's concrete operational stage?

The inside of the cell membrane is negative compared to the outside.

Which of the following is true of a neuron in the resting state?

variable ratio

Which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction?

social cognitive view of personality

Paris tends to view personality as fairly stable and therefore her personality is more stable, whereas Lane tends to view personality as fairly changeable and therefore her personality is more changeable. These differences in attitudes and personality are most consistent with the

cerebral cortex

Which of the following parts of the brain is most active in decision-making?

variable ratio

Slot machines are an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

bell

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, what was the CS?

Procedural Memory (Implicit)

Remembering how to ride your bike is....

Benjamin Whorf

Who believed language shapes a culture's concepts and thought process (linguistic determinism/relativity)?

anterograde amnesia

Ruby was in a traumatic car accident. She cannot remember anything new after the accident.

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

Charles Spearman

Which psychologist believes in g?

factor analysis

Statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test- used to identify different dimensions

Howard Gardner

Who is credited with the theory of multiple intelligences (8)?

Robert Sternberg

Which psychologist proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Alfred Binet

Created testing for French schoolchildren (figure out mental age)

Robert Sternberg

Who identified the five components of creativity?

Convergent thinking

Aptitude tests such as the SAT and ACT require...

heuristic

Simple thinking strategy that allows us to solve problems efficiently; speedier but also error-prone

Wolfgang Kohler

Who showed animals (as well as humans) display insight?

Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman

Who researched representativeness and availability heuristics?

involuntary; voluntary

classical conditioning focues on \__________ behavior, while operant conditioning focuses on \______________ behavior.