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Diffusion
spread of ideas, objects, inventions, and other practices from place to place
Environmental determinism
the idea that the natural or physical environment shapes and creates cultures; in other words, the environment essentially dictates culture
Expansion diffusion
the type of diffusion involves the spread outward from a core area that contains the idea, cultural practice, etc. and can occur from person-toperson contact (as with a contagious disease) or through a hierarchy
Formal region
a region defined by homogeneity in one or a number of different characteristics
Functional region
a region that is define by a central node or focal point to which other places in the region are connected
Geographic information systems
combines computer hardware and software in a system that stores, analyzes and displays geographic data with a “computer mapping” capability in a system of data layers
Geography
literally, writing about the Earth; the study of the physical and environmental aspects of the world, from a spatial perspective
International Date Line
roughly follows 180 degrees longitude.
Latitude
the numbering system for parallels.
Longitude
the numbering system for meridians
Meridian
half circles that connect the North and South poles
Parallel
circles that encompass the Earth and are parallel to the equator
Possibilism
the theory people can adapt to their environmental conditions and choose from many alternatives (possibilities), despite the limitations that the environment pose
Prime Meridian
0 degrees longitude, passes through Greenwich, England
Projection
the process of transferring locations from the Earth’s curved surface to a flat map
Region
an area that shares some sort of common characteristic that binds the area into a whole
Relocation diffusion
the diffusion process in which people migrate or move to a new area, and bring their ideas, objects, and the like with them
Remote sensing
acquisition of data about the Earth’s surface from aerial platforms such as satellites, airplanes, or drones
Scale
ratio of the length or distance on the map versus the length or distance on the Earth or ground (actual); can also refer to the spatial extent of some phenomenon
Site
a way to describe a location; refers to the physical characteristics, such as the topography, vegetative cover, climatic conditions, etc
Situation
a way to describe a location by referring to the area surrounding the place, and is sometimes referred to as relative location
Identity
your sense of self based on your everyday experiences and social relations
Mental Maps/Cognitive Maps
psychological representation of locations from one’s own knowledge, experiences, and impressions
Reference Map
maps that show where something is in space. Their purpose is to display geographical data (landforms, coastlines, waterways, etc.) and political data (political boundaries, settlements, transportation networks, etc.) for their own sake
Thematic Map
maps that tell a story about a place
Absolute Direction
the exact direction you are heading
Relative Direction
direction depends on surronding area (not presice)
Absolute Distance
Exact distance between 2 places
Relative Distance
approximate measurement between 2 places
Absolute Location
the exact spot where something is located
Relative Location
description of a location using surronding geographic figures
Absolute Location
Position on Earth's surface using the coordinate system of longitude (that runs from North to South Pole) and latitude (that runs parallel to the equator)
Topological Space
a set whose elements are called points, along with an additional structure
Socioeconomic Space
consists of sites, situations, routes, regions, patterns. The experiential or cultural space consists of a space where groups live and interact
Cultural Space
cultural values, practices, discursive and material expressions and artefacts of people, the cultural diversity and plurality of society, and how cultures are distributed over space
Cognitive Space
defined and measured in terms of the nature and degree of people's values, feelings, beliefs, and perceptions about locations, distances,and regions
Accesesibility
The degree of ease with which it is possible to reach certain location from other locations
Spatial Interaction
the flow of information, products, and human beings from one location to another
Time-Space Convergence
the process of travel time diminishing as technological advancements in transportation and communication bring places closer together
Intervening Opportunity
a feature (usually economic) that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than his original one
Formal Region
An area defined by one predominant or universal characteristic throughout its entire area
Fuctional region
An area organized around a central focal point or node
Perceptual Region
An area that people believe exist as part of their cultural identity
Sectionalism
an exaggerated devotion to the interests of a region over those of a country as a whole
Irredentism
the belief that territory outside a given state should be made part of the state due to a large amount of people living there of the same ethnicity as live in the state in question or due to the state having historically been in possession of the territory
Qualitative
the collection of information about human behaviour and perception
Quantitative
measures using numerical facts