Micro exam 3

dysbiosis

An alteration or imbalance of an individual’s microbiome relative to the normal, healthy state, primarily observed in the microbiota of the digestive tract or the skin

fecal transplant

The transfer of microbiota from the colon of one individual into the colon of another

host

An organism that can harbor pathogenic or beneficial microorganism

human microbiome

The total microbial content in and on the human body

lower respitory tract

the trachea, bronchi, and lungs

microbiome

 functional collection of different microbes in an environmental system such as the human body

microbiota

The types of organism present in an environmentally habitat, such as the human skin or the human gastrointestinal tract

mucin

 secretion from specialized epithelial cells containing water soluble glycoproteins and proteins, forming the mucus that retains moisture and impedes microbial invasion of mucosal surfaces

normal microbiota

Microorganisms that are usually found associated w/ healthy body tissue

prebiotic

Food additive that promotes the growth and activity of beneficial microorganisms, usually in the gastrointestinal tract

short chain fatty acids

-        Also called volatile fatty acids

-        Major catty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) produced during fermentation in the large intestine of monogastric animals and the rumen or cecum of herbivores

symbiotic

A mixture of probiotic and prebiotic that beneficially affects the host by altering the microbiome

upper respiratory tract

The sinuses, nasal, and oral cavities, and structures of the throat- the pharynx, tonsils, and larynx

virome

the entire population of vises, including animal microbial, and plant viruses in an environmental system such as in and on the human body

adherence

the enhanced ability of a microorganisms to attach to a cell or surface

adhesions

Glycoproteins or lipoproteins covalently bound to the outer layer of the pathogen that function in attachment to lost tissues

attenuate

The decrease or eliminate the virulence of a pathogen or virus

bacteremia

the presence of bacteria in blood

capsule

protein coat usually slimy

colonization

growth of microorganism after it has gained access to host tissue

dental caries

tooth devay resulting from bacterial infection

dental plaque

Bacterial biofilm found on teeth and consisting of cells embedded in a matric of extracellular polymers and salivary products

disease

injury to a host organism caused by a pathogen or other factor that is accompanied by specific signs and symptoms that affect host function

endotoxin

lipopolysaccharide portion of the outer membrane of most gram neg bacteria, which is a toxin when solubilized

enterotoxin

protein that is released extracellularly by a microorganism as it grows and that produces immediate damage to the small intestine of the host

infection

growth of bacteria

invasion

ability of a pathogen to enter into host cells or tissues spread, and cause disease

mucous membrane

layer of mucus covered epithelial cells in the body that communicate w/ external environment

mucus

viscous liquid of mucin secreted by specialized epithelial cells that contains water-soluble glycoproteins and proteins that retain moisture and aid in resistance to microbial invasion on mucosal surfaces

opportunistic pathogen

organism that causes disease only in the absence of normal host resistance

pathogen

disease causing microorganism

septicemia

blood borne systemic infection

toxicity

the ability of an organism to cause disease by means of a preformed toxin that inhibits host cell function or kills host cells

virulence

relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease

virulence factors

substance or strategies of a pathogen that indirectly or directly enhances invasiveness and host damages by facilitation and promoting infection

adaptive immunity

the acquired ability to recognize and destroy a particular pathogen or its products, dependent on previous exposure to the pathogen or its products

antibody

a soluble protein produced by B cells and plasma cells that interacts with antigen; also called immunoglobulin

antibody-dependent-cell-meditate cytotoxicity

the process by which NK cells bind IgG-coated target cells and kill them by secreting cytolytic toxins

antigen

a molecule capable of interacting with specific components of the immune system and that often functions as an immunogen to elicit an adaptive immune response

antigen presenting cell

a macrophage, dendritic cell, or B cell that takes up and processes antigen and presents it to T-helper cells

basophil

a circulating granulocyte that contains granules of inflammatory mediators that, in some cases, contribute to allergic reactions

b cell

a lymphocyte that has immunoglobulin surface receptors, produces immunoglobulin, and may present antigens to T cells

b cell receptor

a cell surface immunoglobulin that acts as an antigen receptor on a b cell

chemokine

a soluble protein that recuits immune cells to an injury site; a type of cytokine

complement system

a series of proteins that react sequentially with antibody–antigen complexes, mannose-binding lectin, or alternative activation pathway proteins to amplify or potentiate target cell destruction

cytokine

a couple protein produced by a leukocyte or damage host cell; modulates an immune response

dendritic cell

a phagocytic antigen-presenting cell found in various body tissues; transports antigen to secondary lymphoid organs

epitope

the portion of an antigen that reacts w/ a specific antibody or T cell receptor

eosinophil

a phagocytic granulocyte especially active against extracellular parasites, such as helminths

fever

an increase in body temperature resulting from infection or the presence of toxins in the body

granulocyte

a leukocyte derived from a myeloid precursor that contains cytoplasmic granules consisting of toxins or enzymes that are released to destroy target cell

hematopoiesis

the process by which precursor stem cells in the bone marrow or gut differentiate into any type of blood cel

Hematopoietic stem cell

a progenitor cell found primarily in the bone marrow but also in the gut that can differentiate into any of a variety of blood cells

Immune memory (memory)

the ability to rapidly produce large quantities of specific immune cells or antibodies after subsequent exposure to a previously encountered antigen

immunity

ability of an organism to resist infection

immunoglobulin

a soluble protein made by b cells and plasma cells that interacts w/ antigen

aka antibody

inflammation

a nonspecific reaction to noxious stimuli such as toxins and pathogens, characterized by redness (erythema), swelling (edema), pain, and heat, usually localized at the site of infection

innate immunity

the inherent ability to recognize and destroy an individual pathogen or its products that does not rely on previous exposure to a pathogen or its products

interferons

cytokine proteins produced by virus-infected cells that induce signal transduction in nearby cells, resulting in transcription of antiviral genes and expression of antiviral proteins

invasion

the ability of a pathogen to enter into host cells or tissues, spread, and cause disease

leukocyte

a nucleated cell in blood, aka white blood cell

lymph nodes

organs that contain lymphocytes and phagocytes arranged to encounter microorganisms and antigens as they travel through the lymphatic circulation

lymphocytes

a subset of nucleated cells in blood involved in the adaptive immune response; B cells and T cells

macrophage

a large leukocyte found in tissues that has phagocytic and antigen presenting capabilities

major histocompatibility complex

a genetic region that encodes several proteins important for antigen processing and presentation; MHC I proteins are expressed on all nucleated cells, whereas MHC II proteins are expressed only on antigen-presenting cells

mast cell

tissue granulocyte similar in function to basophils that contains intracytoplasmic granules with inflammatory mediators

monocyte

circulating phagocyte that contains many lysosomes and can differentiate into a macrophage or dendritic cell

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

a part of the lymphatic system that interacts with antigens and microorganisms that enter the body through mucous membranes, including those of the gut, the genitourinary tract, and the respiratory tract

natural kill cell

a specialized lymphocyte that recognizes and destroys infected host cells or cancer cells in a nonspecific manner

neutrophil

a leukocyte exhibiting phagocytic properties, a granular cytoplasm (granulocyte), and a multilobed nucleus; also called polymorphonuclear leukocyte or PMN

Opsonization

the deposition of antibody or complement protein on the surface of a pathogen or other antigen that results in enhanced phagocytosis

phagocyte

cell that engulfs foreing particles and can ingest, kill, and digest most pathogens

phagocytosis

a mechanism for ingesting particulate material in which a portion of the cytoplasmic membrane surrounds the particle and brings it into the cell; for phagocytes of the immune system, the process of engulfing and killing foreign particles and cells

phagosome

intracytoplasmic vacuole containing engulfed material, like pathogens or foreign particles

plasma

liquid portion of the blood containing proteins and solutes

plasma cell

differentiated b cell that produces soluble antibodies

serum

liquid (noncellular) portion of the blood w/ clotting proteins removed

specificity

ability of cells of adaptive immune response to interact w/ particular antigens

t cells

a lymphocyte that interacts with antigens through a T cell receptor for antigen; T cells are divided into functional subsets including Tc (T-cytotoxic) cells and Th (T-helper) cells. Th cells are further subdivided into Th1 (inflammatory) cells and Th2 cells, which aid B cells in antibody formation

t cell receptor

antigen specific receptor protein on the surface of t cells

allergen

an antigen that elicits an immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction upon exposure

antibiotic

a chemical substance produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of another microorganism

antimicrobial drug resistance

the acquired ability of a microorganism to resist the effects of an antimicrobial agent to which it was formerly susceptible

autoantibody

an antibody that reacts to self antigens

autoimmunity

a harmful immune reaction directed against self antigen

beta lactam antibiotic

penicillin, cephalosporin, or a related antibiotic that contains the four-membered heterocyclic -lactam ring

delayed type hypersensitivity

an inflammatory allergic response mediated by Th1 lymphocytes

fusion inhibitor

a synthetic polypeptide that binds to viral glycoproteins, inhibiting fusion of viral and host cell membranes

growth factor analog

a chemical agent that has a similar structure to and blocks the uptake or utilization of a growth factor

hypersensitivity

an immune response leading to damage to host

immediate hypersensitivity

an allergic response mediated by vasoactive products released from IgE-sensitized mast cells

immunotherapy

the treatment of a disease, especially cancer, using targeted therapeutic agents that either enhance or suppress the immune response

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)

a nonnucleoside compound that inhibits the action of retroviral reverse transcriptase by binding directly to the catalytic site

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)

a nucleoside analog compound that inhibits the action of retroviral reverse transcriptase by competing with nucleosides

protease inhibitor

a compound that inhibits the action of viral protease by binding directly to the catalytic site, preventing viral protein processing

quinolone

a synthetic antibacterial compound that inhibits DNA gyrase and prevents supercoiling of bacterial DNA

selective toxicity

the ability of a compound to inhibit or kill a pathogen without adversely affecting the host

sulfa drugs

synthetic growth factor analogs that inhibit folic acid biosynthesis in Bacteria

vaccination (immunization)

the inoculation of a host w/ inactive or weakened pathogens or pathogen products to stimulate protective active immunity

vaccine

an inactivated or attenuated pathogen, or a harmless pathogen product, used to induce artificial active immunity