Regulation of Glycolysis

A set of 30 vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the lecture on the regulation of glycolysis.

Glycolysis

A ten-step metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

ΔG

The free energy change of a biochemical reaction, indicating spontaneity.

Regulation

The adjustment of enzyme activity and metabolic pathways according to the cell's needs.

Hexokinase

An enzyme that phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) in glycolysis.

Phosphofructokinase

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, a key regulatory step in glycolysis.

Pyruvate Kinase

An enzyme that converts phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate, the final step of glycolysis.

Isoforms

Different variants of enzymes that may have distinct regulatory properties or activities.

Transcriptional Control

Regulating gene expression to alter the amount of enzyme produced.

Allosteric Control

Regulation of enzyme activity through binding of molecules at sites other than the active site.

Covalent Modification

Chemical change to an enzyme that alters its activity, such as phosphorylation.

Substrate Concentration

The level of substrate in a biochemical reaction, influencing enzyme activity.

Compartmentation

The organization of cellular components in distinct areas of the cell to enhance efficiency.

Hormonal Control

Regulation of enzyme activity via hormones, such as insulin and glucagon.

HIF-1

A transcription factor that regulates genes in response to low oxygen levels.

Angiogenesis

The formation of new blood vessels, often stimulated by HIF-1.

Post-Translational Modification

Chemical alteration of a protein after its synthesis, affecting function.

Phosphorylation

Addition of a phosphate group to a protein by a kinase, usually altering activity.

Futile Cycles

Opposing metabolic pathways running simultaneously, wasting energy.

Energy Charge

The ratio of ATP to ADP and AMP, determining the energy status of the cell.

Km

The Michaelis constant, indicating the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half of its maximum.

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

A potent allosteric activator of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1).

Metabolic Intermediates

Compounds produced during metabolic pathways that can enter other metabolic processes.

Reciprocal Regulation

Simultaneous regulation of opposing pathways to prevent wasteful processes.

Exergonic Reaction

A reaction that releases energy and has a negative ΔG.

Endergonic Reaction

A reaction that requires energy input and has a positive ΔG.

ATP

A high-energy molecule that stores and transports chemical energy within cells.

Glycogen

A stored form of glucose found primarily in the liver and muscle.

Glucokinase

A liver isoform of hexokinase with a high Km, regulating blood glucose levels.

Adenylate Kinase

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of two ADP molecules into one ATP and one AMP.

Fructokinase

An enzyme involved in fructose metabolism, converting fructose to fructose-1-phosphate.

Tumor Metabolism

Altered metabolic processes in cancer cells to support rapid growth.

High Fructose Corn Syrup

A sweetener linked to increased obesity and liver fat accumulation.

Metabolic Flux

The rate at which substrates and products are converted in metabolic pathways.

Glycolytic Pathway

The sequence of reactions that convert glucose into pyruvate with the generation of ATP.