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Carbohydrates
A substance containing carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
Lipids
Fatty compounds that are soluble in organic solvents. They are insoluble in polar solvents like water
Proteins
A molecule made up of amino acids
Monosaccharides
A carbohydrate that is made up of a single sugar unit.
Disaccharides
A carbohydrate made up of 2 sugar units or monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
A carbohydrate made up from a large number of sugar units or monosaccharides joined to each other by condensation.
Glucose
A simple sugar which is an energy source in living organisms
Galactose
A simple sugar which has same molecular formula as glucose but atoms are arranged differently
Fructose
A monosaccharide with same molecular formula as glucose but atoms are arranged differently.
Hexose
A monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms in each molecule e.g. fructose, glucose & galactose.
Condensation
A type of chemical reaction in which small molecules are joined together with the removal of a molecule of water.
Glycosidic bond
The bond that forms between 2 sugar monomers.
Sucrose
A disaccharide formed when a molecule of glucose joins a molecule of fructose by condensation.
Maltose
A disaccharide formed when 2 molecules of glucose join together by condensation.
Lactose
A disaccharide which is made up from glucose and galactose joined to each other by condensation.
Hydrolysis
A chemical reaction where larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones by a reaction with water.
Starch
A polysaccharide formed from a large number of glucose.
Cellulose
A polysaccharide which is an important structural component of plant cell walls
Glycogen
A multi-branched polysaccharide. It serves as a form of energy in animals, fungi & bacteria.
Amylose
A polysaccharide formed from a long straight chain of glucose molecules.
Amylopectin
A polysaccharide formed of branched chains of glucose molecules.
Dietary fibre
Indigestible polysaccharides. Important in prevention of CHD, diabetes & bowel cancer.
Triglycerides
A lipid made up of a molecule of glycerol joined to 3 fatty acid molecules.
Ester bond
A chemical bond between glycerol & fatty acid to form triglycerides.
Saturated
A fatty acid with no double bonds present in its hydrocarbon chain.
Monounsaturated
A fatty acid with 1 double bond present in its hydrocarbon chain.
Polyunsaturated
A fatty acid with more than 1 double bond present in its hydrocarbon chain.
Essential fatty acids
A fatty acid that is essential for growth & which the body is unable to make e.g. linoleic acid.
Lipoproteins
Round particles made up of fat (lipids) & proteins that travel in your bloodstream to cells throughout your body.
Low-density proteins (LDL)
Lipoproteins which contain a lot of cholesterol & little triglyceride. High levels of LDL are linked to formation of Atheroma & increases risk of CVD.
High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
Helps remove other forms of cholesterol from your bloodstream.
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