Developmental Psych: Chapter 14

Kohlberg classified children into stages of moral development on the basis of their:

Reasoning behind moral decisions

The internal regulatory system that increases an individual's ability to conform with socially approved standards of behavior is referred to as

conscience

When faced with a negative social situation, aggressive children, in comparison with nonaggressive children, are LESS likely to

attribute hostile intentions when others' motives are clear.

The feeling of concern for another in response to the other's emotional state or condition is referred to as

Empathy

According to Piaget, how many stages of development are involved in children's moral reasoning?

two, with a transitional period between the stages

Disruptive, hostile, or aggressive behavior that violates social norms or rules and that harms or takes advantage of others is called

antisocial behavior

Which phrase is NOT regarded as true of a young child's conscience?

reflects self-defined standards

Eleven-year-old Shane is angry, is defiant, and loses his temper easily. He can be spiteful and vindictive, he actively defies adults, and he blames others for his misbehavior. Shane's behaviors are indicative of

oppositional defiant disorder.

Which phase is NOT one of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning?

unconventional

Which statement describes an aspect of Piaget's theory of moral judgment that has been supported by research?

children increasingly consider motives when judging the morality of actions

According to Piaget, a child whose moral reasoning involves which thought is in the EARLIEST stage of moral development?

believing that behaviors that break rules are bad and behaviors that follow rules are good

According to Piaget, advances in children's moral reasoning are a result of

peer interactions.

Arnold sees that another child has forgotten his lunch and is crying. Arnold feels like crying. Arnold is MOST likely experiencing

empathy

A child in which of Piaget's stages of moral development does NOT take intentions into account when determining whether a behavior is moral or immoral?

heteronomous morality of constraint

Parents play a large role in helping children understand the _____ domain by teaching children how and why to cooperate with, take the perspective of, and help other children and adults.

moral

Early-onset conduct problems are NOT associated with

being a member of an ethnic minority.

When presented with Piaget's stories designed to assess children's moral reasoning, Piaget would expect 11-year-old Jabar to say that

the child who broke 1 glass is naughtier than the child who broke 15 glasses.

Which statement about school-based interventions designed to promote prosocial behavior is TRUE?

The enhanced sense of community is associated with greater prosocial behavior and fewer problem behaviors.

Kohlberg classified children into stages of moral development on the basis of their

reasoning behind moral decisions

Which statement about changes in aggression exhibited by children is TRUE?

Aggression in elementary school is more likely to be hostile than in preschool.

The tendency for individuals of low socioeconomic status in the United States to allow children less autonomy than do middle-class individuals may be a factor in which socioeconomic status difference in social judgment?

Children from lower-income families are less likely to view personal issues as a matter of choice.

Twin studies conducted to examine the genetic contribution to prosocial behavior have found that

identical twins are more similar to each other in levels of prosocial behavior than are fraternal twins, and their similarity increases with age.

Children who tend to _____ are particularly likely to enact prosocial behavior.

experience emotion without getting overwhelmed

Compared with temperamentally fearful children, those who are temperamentally fearless require _____ in order to promote the development of their conscience

mutual cooperation

Instrumental aggression is aggression motivated by the desire

to obtain something concrete

Which statement about the association between harsh physical punishment and children's externalizing problems is supported by recent research?

Harsh physical punishment has a stronger effect on children's externalizing problems than vice versa.

Which statement about Piaget's and Kohlberg's beliefs about morality is TRUE?

In order for a behavior to be deemed moral or immoral, the reasoning behind the behavior must be taken into account.

What did Piaget call the FIRST stage of moral development?

heteronomous morality

Is aggressive behavior during elementary school associated with aggression and criminal behavior at age 30?

Yes, aggressive behavior during elementary school is associated with aggression and criminal behavior at age 30 for both males and females.