Eukaryotic Cell Structures and Functions

Flashcards covering key terms and definitions related to eukaryotic cell structures and functions.

Eukaryotic Cell

A cell with a nucleus and organelles, including animal and plant cells.

Nucleus

The membrane-bound organelle that houses DNA and controls cellular activities.

Cytoplasm

The gel-like substance within a cell where metabolic processes occur, containing cytosol and organelles.

Cytosol

The aqueous component of cytoplasm, providing a medium for molecular suspension.

Organelles

Specialized structures within a cell, such as the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, that perform specific functions.

Topological Equivalence

A relationship between spaces or membranes that allows for continuity and similarity, facilitating protein movement.

Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC)

Protein-lined channels that regulate the transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Sorting Signals

Specific sequences within proteins that direct their movement to the correct cellular compartment.

Translocators

Proteins that facilitate the transport of unfolded proteins across membranes into organelles.

Signal Peptide Sequences

Short sequences within a protein that direct it to its proper location within the cell.

Signal Patches

Three-dimensional arrangements of amino acids crucial for protein sorting, not removed after function.

Mitochondria

Double-membraned organelles responsible for ATP production and cellular respiration.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A membranous network involved in protein and lipid synthesis, further divided into rough and smooth ER.

Chaperone Proteins

Proteins that assist in the proper folding of other proteins post-translocation.

Golgi Apparatus

Organelles that modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids received from the ER.

Actin Filaments

Cytoskeletal components that provide structural support and are involved in cell movement.

Apoptosis

A programmed cell death mechanism that removes unnecessary or damaged cells in a controlled manner.

Caspases

Proteolytic enzymes that drive the processes of apoptosis by cleaving specific proteins.

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into various specialized cell types.

Gap Junctions

Intercellular connections that allow for direct communication between adjacent cells.

Cadherins

Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins that connect cells to each other.

Integrins

Transmembrane proteins that mediate the attachment between cells and the extracellular matrix.