Behaviorism pt.3

social interaction activates ….

social interaction activates the ….

it activates the same part of the brain as is activated …

• during …

• during…

• when we learn..

dopaminergic reward circuits

reward pathways of the brain

• addictive drug use

• compulsive video-gaming + reward-seeking in general

• learn to associate 2 stimuli

how does variable-ratio reinforcement cause addiction?

• variable ratio reinforcement…

  • research shows that ______ surges typically occur before…

  • dopamine is released in response to the _____ for the reward, much more so than the _____ itself.

this dopamine surge for __________ reward is highest when the award is given roughly __% of the time.

• shows that dopamine surges typically occur before the reward

• cue for the reward; reward

anticipated reward

^^ activation of dopaminergic reward circuits is true for ____ social interaction

• vast majority of cell-phone notifications convey some type of…

• apps deliberately manipulate ___ and ____ you receive notifications

• trying to get us …

digital social interaction

• social interaction

• when and how you receive notifications

• addicted

explain how cell-phone addiction works using:

• unconditioned stimulus

• unconditioned response

• conditioned stimulus

• conditioned response

• operant conditioning: variable-ratio reinforcement

• unconditioned stimulus: not knowing something, feeling curious/ SOCIAL INTERACTION

• unconditioned response: dopaminergic-reward pathway is activated, and dopamine release

• conditioned stimulus: picking up the phone because of notification ← social interaction DIGITALLY

• conditioned response: dopaminergic reward pathway activated in response to phone notifications

• operant conditioning: when on social media, such as TikTok, you get dopamine release when you come across fun videos that you didn’t expect, and it encourages you to keep scrolling. ← variable ratio reinforcement

in the skinner box…

• continuous reinforcement:

• fixed-ratio reinforcement:

• variable-ratio reinforcement:

• fixed-interval reinforcement:

• variable interval reinforcement:

• continuous reinforcement: giving food every time the rat pushes down on the lever

• fixed-ratio reinforcement: giving food only when the rat pushes the lever a certain number of times…ex: 10 times

• variable-ratio reinforcement: giving food to the rat only after it pushes the lever at random intervals (sometimes when it pushes the lever)

• fixed-interval reinforcement: only giving the rat food when it pushes on the lever in the morning or night, at a set interval or time

• variable interval reinforcement: food is given after a variable amount of time (not set).

1. operant conditioning: negative reinforcement (you put your seatbelt on to stop the sound of the car)

2. operant conditioning: positive reinforcement & variable-ratio (50% get points)

3. classical conditioning:

   1. unconditioned stimulus: puking from drinking too much lemon-flavored alcohol

   2. unconditioned response: feeling nauseous from drinking the alcohol

   3. conditioned stimulus: anything with a lemon scent

   4. conditioned response: feeling nauseous from the smell of lemons

   5. stimulus generalization: anything that smells of lemons

4. negative punishment (taking away money to stop a certain behavior)

5. operant conditioning: variable-ratio reinforcement; or variable-interval reinforcement

*to know if something is positive or negative, look at what happens as a result of doing the behavior (when you put on seatbelt, chime goes away so negative)

classical conditioning (other key terms)

• phobias:

• conditioned emotional response (CER):

• vicarious conditioning:

• irrational fears of specific objects, situations, or activities that interfere with daily life. They can develop when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a frightening or traumatic experience, leading to a conditioned fear response.

• An emotional reaction, such as fear or joy, that is learned through classical conditioning.

• Learning that occurs by observing others' experiences and consequences rather than through direct exposure.