IB English Paper 1 Terminology

Accent

Pronunciation of a language

Actual Reader

Individuals who actually read or listen to a text

Actual Writer

Individuals who actually produce a text

Adjective

Words used to modify nouns

Adverb

Describes time, manner and place and degree to which something is done

Alliteration

Repetition sound at the beginning of several words. This can have different effects on an audience

Allusion

Reference is made to a text, event, person or place. The writer makes a implicit comparison between what is presented and what is known

"To teach or not to teach that is the question" reference to Shakespeare

Analogy

Process of transferring traits from one thing or idea to another. Propaganda often uses false analogies to persuade an audience

"9/11 is our generation's Pearl Harbour"

Anaphora

Repetition of the same word or phrase in a succession of sentences. Used to establish rhetorical effect

Anti-advertising

Tells the audience that they are smart enough to see through the tricks played by advertisers. It shows how and why this was done

Antithesis

Contrast between ideas by placing them together for a literary effect

Appeal to authority

Augmentation technique that refers to a source that claims to have authority. This is an argumentation fallacy because it assumes authorities or institutions are right.

In older advertisements physicians were used to sell cigarettes

Appeal to fear

Advertisements, speeches, newspapers or political campaigns appeal to audience's sense of fear. If you make people scared they will believe or buy anything

Audience

General term that refers to reader of listener of a text

Bandwagon Effect

Propaganda technique that suggests one should do it because everyone else is doing it. This is an argumentation fallacy as something does not have to be true if everyone is doing it

Bias

Supports an ideological position either explicitly or implicitly. When there is an imbalance in opposite perspectives in an article there is evidence of bias. Good journalism tries to avoid bias.

Cacophony

Hard-sounded effects that is produced by clusters of consonants to make the pronunciation difficult. It is frequent in comical verse or tongue-twisters

Caesura

Pause within a line or verse. Established by the natural organisation of language into phrases, clauses and sentences that do not conform to a pattern

Characterisation

Way in which a writer creates characters so to attract or repel the sympathy of the audience

Clause

Group of words that express a single idea. Consists of a subject and verb

Cliché

Attempt to be clever or sound fine but is made tedious by frequent repetition

Coherence

Describes systematic connection of ideas. Achieved through the use of linking words and the integration of illustrations

Colloquialism

Expression or grammar that is associated with ordinary everyday speech rather than formal language. Intended as a relaxed way of speaking or writing

Complex sentence

Consists of at least two clauses, one which is dependent on a main clause

Compound sentence

Two or more main clauses linked with one conjunction

Conflict in advertising

Helps sell a product or an idea. This technique relies on the audience's interest in seeing the conflict resolved. Conflict in advertising can lead to shock advertising if scandalous or controversial which creates more media-hype attention to the product or brand.

Conjunctions

Words used to connect words, phrases and clauses

Connotations

Aura of emotion that is associated with the word and may mean something different for everyone. Opposite of denotation which is what the word literally means

Context of production

Situation in which a text is produced where significant factors influence the writing or speaking of a text

Context of reception

Situation in which a text is received with where significant factors influence the reading or listening of a text

Core Vocabulary

Everyday easily understood words that make up the majority of vocabulary

Couplet

A pair of rhymed lines

Crowdsourcing

Outsourcing job to an undefined large group of people in the form of an open call

Deictic

Words that point in various directions within a text

"down there" "this" "that"

Words may also point in time

"now" "then" "next year"

Denotation

Literal or factual meaning of a word. Often it is the initial meaning given in a dictionary

Denouement

Final unfolding of a plot in a literary work. At this point the reader's expectations of what will happen to characters are either satisfied or denied

Dialect

Unique and distinguishable combination of vocabulary, pronunciation and syntax

Diatribe

Critical type of discourse (written or spoken communication) that is characterised by anger directed towards something or someone

Direct Narration

Narrator is talking directly to audience. The reader is only shown events or characters in action without any instructions on how to interpret them. Direct narration tells the audience a story

Direct Speech

Characters do all of the talking. Lots of dialogue defines direct speech. Direct speech is a characteristic on indirect narration

Dramatic Irony

Occurs when the audience possesses more information during the plot than some of the characters

Ellipsis

Omission of part of grammatical words such as prepositions and articles. In conversation ellipsis is used to affirm a sense of informality. It also gives a sense of replicating spoken language establishing an apparent closeness between the text and reader

End-stopped line

The end of the line coincides with a grammatical pause that is usually signalled by punctuation

Enjambment

Sentence continues into the next line without pause or punctation

Equivocation

A word is used in two different senses in an argument. The word has two meanings. Can be used to manipulate people by making false arguments sound convincing

Ethos

Ethos means character. Describes the character of an audience, nation or community. How does the author appeal to the ethos of his or her audience. Texts often contain ethos to give the speaker more credit or authority on a matter. What gives the person the mandate to speak on the matter?

"As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely generate the best results."

Euphemism

Makes something sound better than it actually is. Found in political speeches, advertising campaigns or conversation. Related to censorship where only half-truths are told and reality is distorted

"Died becomes passed away"

First-person point-of-view

When a narrator is included in the story. The reader hears the thoughts of the narrator directly.

Is the narrator an observer or protagonist?

Is the narrator reliable or unreliable

To whom is the narrator speaking

Formalism

Looks at texts at face value without biographical, historical or contextual considerations. It is the reader's responsibility to unpack the meaning of the text by identifying the use of form style and structure of the text

Free indirect speech

Gives the sense of first-person narration while being told through third-person narration. Combination of direct and reported speech

Third-person narration shows the thoughts and actions of one character.

"She hoped for a son; he would be strong and dark, she would call him George; and this idea of having a male child was like an expected revenge for all her impotence in the past."

Free Verse

Printed in broken-up lines and it is frequently rhythmical

Function

The purpose or purposes of a text

Gatekeeper

Editor at a flushing house as a gatekeeper they determine who may or may not publish

Generalizations

Large conclusions are drawn from a few instances. Argumentation and propaganda techniques make use of hasty generalisations

Genre

Kind or type of literature. Three major genres of literature are poetry, drama and novels which can be subdivided into tragedy, comedy, short story autobiography

Graphology

Visual aspects of a text such as the layout, font and image

Haiku

Exactly seventeen syllables and are used in 5 7 5 lines. Each haiku is a observation describing a natural scene or object as a way of implying feeling

Hyperbole

Emphasis through exaggeration and is common in everyday language

"There were millions of students at the disco"

Idiolect

The way we all speak an individual and unique variety of a language. Every identity is influenced by a range of unique, cultural and contextual factors. People speak unique varieties of English

Imagery

Uses language to appeal to the reader's senses of sight, sound, smell, taste or touch. Compares an abstract idea to a concrete experience. Its aim is to paint a picture in the mind of the reader and bring the "text to life". This engages the reader making them want to read further

Indirect narration

Shows readers events of a story without telling how to interpret them. The story is being told as if the narrator is filming behind a camera.

"What did she say asked the girl. The train is coming in five minutes"

Intertextuality

The ways in which a text resonates or refers to another text

Irony

When someone says one thing but means something else. Understanding of irony depends entirely on an understanding of context.

Rhetorical questions, sarcasm and hyperbole are examples of verbal irony

Jargon

Special technical language on any trade, profession, branch or scholarship

Juxtaposition

Placement of two opposite ideas in close proximity. These opposite ideas can be expressed through words or images. When an author includes opposites they are drawing the readers attention to an inherent tension or conflict

Language

Referring to style, diction and tone

Logos

Appeal to a reader or listener's sense of logic. Appealing to logic involves arguments, syllogisms and reasoning.

Long tail marketing

Long tail marketing is the sales of unpopular products to niche markets who have "obscure tastes"

Mash up

Short films that copy content from an original source and alter it to some extent to give it new meaning. Intend to make audience laugh as they compare one concept to another through allusion or analogy

Metaphor

Comparison of two concepts through language often used by poets but also in everyday speech and images.

Advertisement for a car could compare car to egg carton as both protect their content securely

Metonymy

Act of referring to a concept bot by its name but by something closely associated with it

"Washington's response" refers to political response of US

Modality

Way in which writers express attitudes towards their subject matter and towards their addresses. Functions in language as truth, likelihood, desirability and permission. Authority is often expressed through modality.

"There is a possibility of snow this evening"

" It is clear that the Prime Minister is worried about education."

" I am certainly not fed up with it"

Multi-vocal

Suggests that meaning is not fixed within a text. Meaning is constructed by readers who occupy particular positions who are informed ideologically and exist in particular historical and cultural contexts

Newsworthiness

1. Negative: Stories about disasters, disease and disappointment

2. Relevance: If people are affected by events then they are more likely to read about them

3. Extraordinary: If something remarkable happens such as a man biting a dog

Nominalisation

Verb is transformed into a noun

"Army shoot demonstrators" into "Demonstrators die in shooting"

May be found in Media texts

"Great looks your kitchen" transformed into "Your kitchen looks great.

This makes writing more concise and formal

Notifications

Instead of going to the information it comes to you usually in the form on an email notification. A powerful way of digital texts targeting specific audiences

Noun phrase

Group of words with a noun as the head word. Premodifiers precede the noun and post modifiers follow it

Head word: Girl

Premodifier: intelligent

Postmodifier: On the sofa

Onomatopoeia

Words that sound like what they represent

Paralanguage

Aspects of communication functioning in connection with verbal language such as facial expression and body posture

Pathos

Speakers appeal to a person's sense of emotion. Rhetorical questions, emotive language and sensationalism appeal to our sense of pathos

Pay-per-click

Advertisements are often related to the content of the websites which host them. Pay-per- click ads use persuasive language. The reader of a "sponsored" website will take the advertising into consideration when reading the text

Personalization

Creating an account, login on or editing a profile page are just several ways sites engage users. Users can then contribute to growing database of user history and generate content. Facebook makes use of this

Personification

Inanimate objects are given human qualities. This is a form of analogy which allows the reader to think differently about the characteristics or traits of the object or person

phonological substitution

Phonological substitution relating an anticipated sound with an unanticipated sound is common in adverts and tabloid journalism

"What newspaper does a cat read? The Mews of the World"

Phrase

Individual word or several words acting together but smaller than a sentence

Problem/solution technique

Persuasive technique where if an audience can identify with one characteristic of the problem they can be persuaded to believe they must buy the solution

Pun

A comic play on words resulting from a word having more than one meaning or two words with different meanings with the same sound

Reported speech

The narrator summarises what characters say this is indirect or reported speech. The opposite is direct speech where you need quotation marks

Second-person point of view

Makes use of the pronoun "you"

Semantic field

Group of words that are related in meaning and are often connected with a particular use of context

"Goal offside corner kick and referee" belongs to the semantic field of football

Sensationalism

Refers to language that appeals to emotions. It exaggerates, over-hypes and attracts attention to controversy

Setting

Setting is where a story takes place geographically and temporally. Setting creates a set of expectations for the reader and an environment for the characters

1. Mirror: Reflect overall mood of story

2. Mould: Setting may shape characters

3. Escape: Fantasy-like escape taking the reader to imaginary world either past or future

4. Alien: Hostile to character (outsider, exile or refugee). Emphasises loss of roots and sense of home

Shock advertising

Used to gain attention. If an ad is controversial the it gains free publicity through the press and on blogs. It leads to brand awareness and an eventual rise in sales. The interest is solely on creating a very memorable impact on audience

Simile

The comparison of two things using the words "like" or "as"

Slang

Deviation in language use from the standardised form of a particular language. Slang is often associated with dialects or accents. Often defines members that are part of an "in-crowd"

Slogan

Phrase used in a political or commercial campaign repeatedly. They express a shared purpose or idea

Social Networking

Structure of individuals and their interdependence on each other. Facebook or Instagram allows for visual representations of these relationships which can be used to make better decision, find lost friends or collaborate on projects. Digital age provides new methods of communication

Stereotyping

Assigning fixed characteristics to individuals on the basis of their group membership

Superchrunching

How large databases are helping us make decisions everyday especially on the internet. A record of purchasing history of customers can be used to target new customers. This changes the way we communicate and make decisions

Synecdoche

Act of referring to an entity by one of its parts

Car is your "wheels"