Plant Cell Organelles

Nucleus

A double-membrane organelle that houses the cell’s DNA. It controls gene expression and regulates cell growth, division, and metabolism.

Nuclear Envelope

A double lipid bilayer that surrounds the nucleus. It contains pores that regulate transport of RNA and proteins between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Chromosome

A condensed, organized structure of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus. They carry genetic information and ensure accurate replication and distribution during cell division.

Nucleolus

A dense region within the nucleus not bound by a membrane. It is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome assembly.

Golgi Apparatus

A stack of flattened membranous sacs. It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Central Vacuole

A large membrane-bound sac found mainly in plant cells. It stores water, ions, and nutrients, while helping maintain turgor pressure for structural support.

Chloroplast

A double-membrane organelle containing its own DNA and chlorophyll pigments. It performs photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Cell Wall

A rigid outer layer found in plants, fungi, and some prokaryotes. It provides structural support, protection, and helps maintain cell shape.

Plasmodesmata

Narrow channels between plant cell walls. They allow transport and communication of molecules and ions between adjacent cells.

Mitochondrion

A double-membrane organelle with its own DNA and cristae (folded inner membrane). It generates ATP through aerobic respiration and regulates cell metabolism.

Peroxisome

A small, membrane-bound organelle containing oxidative enzymes. It breaks down fatty acids, detoxifies harmful substances, and produces hydrogen peroxide, which is then degraded by catalase.

Plasma Membrane

A phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins. It controls selective transport of substances in and out of the cell and facilitates cell signaling.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A network of flattened sacs studded with ribosomes. It synthesizes and processes proteins destined for secretion or membranes.

Ribosome

A non-membrane bound complex of rRNA and proteins. It serves as the site of protein synthesis by translating mRNA into polypeptides.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A tubular, membrane network without ribosomes. It synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs, and stores calcium ions.

Cytoskeleton

A dynamic network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm. It maintains cell shape, enables movement, and organizes intracellular transport.

Microtubule

Hollow tubes made of tubulin proteins. They form the mitotic spindle, provide tracks for organelle transport, and shape cell structure.

Intermediate Filaments

Rope-like fibers composed of various proteins (e.g., keratins). They provide mechanical strength and help anchor organelles.

Microfilament

Thin filaments made of actin. They support the cell’s shape, enable cell motility, and play roles in cytokinesis and intracellular transport.