Exam 1 Study Guide – Damron (6th Edition) Chapters 1–5: Animal Agriculture Concepts

Vocabulary flashcards covering animal terminology, production, domestication, culture, environment, and nutrition from Damron (6th Edition) notes.

Bull

Adult male cattle.

Cow

Adult female cattle.

Calf

Young cattle.

Steer

Castrated male cattle.

Boar

Adult male pig.

Sow

Adult female pig.

Piglet

Young pig.

Barrow

Castrated male pig.

Ram

Adult male sheep.

Ewe

Adult female sheep.

Lamb

Young sheep.

Wether (sheep)

Castrated male sheep.

Buck (Billy)

Adult male goat.

Doe

Adult female goat.

Kid

Young goat.

Wether (goat)

Castrated male goat.

Rooster (Cock)

Adult male chicken.

Hen

Adult female chicken.

Chick

Young chicken.

Capon

Castrated male chicken.

Stallion

Adult male horse.

Mare

Adult female horse.

Foal

Young horse.

Gelding

Castrated male horse.

Nevada cattle dominate

Cattle are the most numerous livestock in Nevada.

Nevada poultry minimal

Poultry production is minimal in Nevada.

Beef producers

Major beef production in the United States and Brazil.

Pork producers

Major pork production in China.

Poultry producers

Major poultry production in the United States and Brazil.

Sheep/Goats producers

Major sheep/goats production in China and India.

Livestock revolution

Increased global demand for meat, milk, and eggs driven by urbanization, income growth, and population rise.

Domestication

Taming and breeding of wild animals for human use.

Docility

Tendency to be tame and manageable.

Growth

Increase in body size and weight in domesticated animals.

Reproduction

Ability to reproduce.

Origin (8,000–10,000 years ago)

Domestication originated about 8,000–10,000 years ago.

Middle East origin

Cattle domestication originated in the Middle East.

North American introduction

Domesticated animals brought to North America by European explorers.

Columbus

Early explorer who contributed to livestock introduction to the Americas.

Spanish settlers

Brought livestock to North America.

Hindu dietary influence

Hindus avoid beef.

Beef avoidance

Avoidance of beef due to religious/cultural reasons.

Halal rules

Muslim dietary rules for meat.

Economic status affects meat intake

Wealth affects how much meat is consumed.

Tropics

Tropical environments with high parasites and heat.

Deserts

Desert regions with water scarcity and low forage.

Cold

Cold environments require shelter and more energy.

Subsistence

Food for family.

Primitive

Low-input, manual labor production.

Developed

Market-driven, high-tech production.

Banks

Financial institutions providing loans and credit.

Marketing agencies

Organizations handling product distribution.

Industries

Input supplies like feed and machinery.

Government

Regulation, subsidies, and research support.

Nomadic Herding

Arid zones with goats and camels.

Ranching

Extensive beef cattle production.

Market Gardening

Near cities; intensive crops/animals.

Paddy Rice Farming

Wet-area farming with integrated animals.

Crop-Livestock Farming

Integrated systems; common in U.S. and Europe.

Nomadic animals

Sheep, goats, and camels used in nomadic systems.

Ranching animals

Cattle used in ranching systems.

Intensive systems animals

Poultry, dairy, and swine.

Technology

Tools and methods used in farming.

Labor

Human effort in agricultural systems.

Geography

Physical location affecting production.

Market integration

Degree of linkage to markets.

Water

Most essential nutrient.

Carbohydrates

Primary energy source (e.g., grains).

Proteins

Growth and tissue development (e.g., soy, alfalfa).

Fats

Energy and insulation (e.g., oils).

Vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins (B-complex, C).

Macro minerals

Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, Sulfur.

Micro minerals

Iron, Zinc, Copper, Selenium, Iodine.

Grains

Primary carbohydrate sources.

Legumes

Protein sources.

Oils

Fat sources.

Salt blocks

Mineral sources.

Forages

Vitamin sources.

Maintenance

Low nutrient demand.

Lactation

Very high nutrient requirement.

Work

High energy requirements, especially for draft animals.

Climatic stress

Heat or cold stress.

Nutritional stress

Inadequate or imbalanced diet.

Internal stress

Disease and parasites.

Geographical stress

Terrain and altitude.

Social stress

Competition and dominance.

Morphological adaptation

Coat and body size adjustments.

Behavioral adaptation

Changes in movement and feeding times.

Physiological adaptation

Sweating and respiration adjustments.

Household food spending (U.S.)

Less than 10% of income spent on food.