Unit 3 Biology II

Mycology

The study of fungi

Mycelium

Filamentous network comprised of individual strands of hyphae (fungal growth is at the tips of hyphae).

Chitin

Cell wall is made of this in fungi and found in exoskeleton of arthropods.

Fruiting Body

Mycelium can grow to form a reproductive structure (sometimes a mushroom).

Absorption

Products of digestion are taken up by cells.

Heterotrophs

Derive food from organic sources and don’t create their own.

Decomposers

Break down organic matter to release nutrients.

Mycorrhizae

A mutualistic symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots.

Heterokaryotic Stage

Cells contain 2 distinct haploid nuclei.

Asexual Reproduction in fungi

Haploid spores arise from haploid mycelia.

Sexual Reproduction in Fungi

Individual haploid mycelia of different individuals.

Chytrids

Flagellated spores and are common in soil and aquatic habitat.

Mycosis

General term for disease caused by fungus.

Molds (zygomycetes)

Rapidly growing fungi that reproduce asexually by producing spores.

Sac Fungi (ascomycetes)

fermentation involved in creation of beer, wine, and bread. Reproduce asexually often by “budding.”"

Yeast

Single-celled fungi.

Penicillium

A group of ascomycetes applied to many industries.

Antibiotics

Penicillium used to produce penicillin to treat bacterial infections.

Lichen

Mutualistic relationship between fungi and a photosynthesizer.

Basidiomycetes (club mushrooms)

Club-shaped spore-producing structure (basidium); commonly eaten.

Cordyceps

Genus of parasitic sac fungi.

Humongous Fungus

the largest known single land organism is a fungus individual in eastern Oregon.

Psilocybin

Active compound in “magic” mushrooms.

LSD

Lysergic acid derived from ergot fungus.

Plant

Multicellular eukaryote autotroph and has embryo that develops within protected environment of female parent.

Cuticle

Formation of a waterproof covering to prevent dehydration.

Stomata

Pores regulating water transport and gas exchange.

Alternation of Generations

Life cycles in which there are distinct multicellular haploid and diploid life forms that alternate from one generation to the next.

Gemetophyte

The haploid generation of the plan that produced haploid gametes via mitosis.

Sporophyte

the diploid generation of the plant that results from the growth and development of the 2n zygote, and eventually produces haploid spores via meiosis that develop into gametophytes.

Bryophytes

Small, seedless, non-vascular plants that are restricted to moist habitats for sexual reproduction.

Xylem

The “woody tissue” of higher plants; transports water and minerals upwards in plant (dead).

Lignin

Cellulose cell walls in xylem are reinforced with this substance

Phloem

“Inner bark” of higher plants; transports organic molecules (sugars) with a two-way flow (living).

Carboniferous Period

(~300-360 mya) giant swamp forests dominated seedless vascular plants and large amounts of carbon were “fixed” by photosynthesis.

Seeds

Dispersal propagules of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.

Pollen

Male gametophytes enclose in a case; allow sperm to reach egg without swimming through water.

Conifers

The most abundant gymnosperms that thrive in higher altitudes and have a freeze tolerance from moving water out of cells.

Angiosperms

“Flowering plants” that are by far the most successful land plants (95%) and can reproduce much more rapidly that gymnosperms.

Flowers

Contain separate male and female sporangia and produce male and female gametophytes.

Sepals

Protect flowers before they open.

Petals

Attract pollinators.

Stamen

Male component.

Anther

The male sporangium in which meiosis occurs to form the male gametophyte and mitosis forms gametes.

Filament

The stalk bearing the anther.

Carpel

Female component.

Stigma

Sticky and receptive portion of a carpel that traps the pollen grain and promotes its germination.

Style

Connects the stigma with the ovary.

Ovary

The area in which ovules develop; often develops into a fruit.

Ovule

the female sporangium in which meiosis occurs to form the female gametophyte and mitosis forms gamete that is eventually fertilized to become the zygote or seed.

Pollination

Occurs when a pollen grain lands on the stigma and a pollen tube grows from the pollen grain to the ovule.

Double Fertilization

The tube carries two sperm: one fertilizes the egg to form a zygote, the other creates the endosperm (provides nutrition).

Fruit

Ripened ovary of a pollinated flower, enclosing seeds with special adaptations for dispersal.

Monocots

One cotyledon

Dicots

Two cotyledons

Cotyledons

Embryonic leaves in seeds.

Dermal Tissue System

forms the plant’s outer protective covering, guarding against damage, infection, and water loss.

Vascular Tissue System

Thick-walled tissues that provide support and a long distance transport system between roots and shoots.

Ground Tissue System

Majority of plant tissue; photosynthesis, storage, hormone production, and support functions.

Guard Cells

Use osmotic pressure to open and close stomata; control transpiration.

Cork Cells

Outer layer of bark — protective.

Root System

Taproot, or fibrous roots, and root hairs.

Shoot System

Stems, leaves, and flowers.

Plant Body Basic Organs

Roots, stems, and leaves

Taproot

Dominant central root from which other roots sprout laterally.

Meristems

Regions of cell division and differentiation (new growth)

Stems

Form the main axis of the plant body.

Plant Leaves

The main photosynthetic organ of plants.

Vein

Allow vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) contact with photosynthetic tissue.

Roots

Absorb water and minerals from the soil, anchoring the plant in place.

Transpiration

The loss of water from leaves by evaporation.

Light

Daylight stimulates opening, darkness reverses.

Temperature

High temperature promotes closing; cool temperatures reverse stimulates opening.

CO2 Levels Inside Lead

Low CO2 stimulates opening; high CO2 stimulates closing.

Soil Water Availability

Low availability stimulates closing; high availability stimulates opening.

Circadian Rhythms

Opening and closing influenced by 24hr cycles.

Transpiration

The loss of water from leaves by evaporation.

Cohesion

The attraction of one water molecule to another.

Adhesion

The attraction of water molecules to a surface (in this case xylem tubes).

Tension

Transpiration at leaves pulls water in plant upward.

Phloem Sap

Includes sugars (produced in photosynthesis), amino acids, hormones, minerals.

Sugar Source

Any plant organ producing sugars in excess of its own needs (most commonly leaves).

Sugar Sink

Any plant organ using sugars to support its own growth or storage needs.

Hydroponics

Soil-free, water-based growing.

Carnivore

A plant that has adaptations that allow them to trap, digest, and absorb inorganic nutrients (especially nitrogen) from small animals (e.g. insects).

Epiphyte

Grows anchored on another plant for support, but derives its water and mineral nutrition from moisture on the surface of the host plant.

Parasite

Uses its root to tap into the host plant’s vascular system to absorb sugars and minerals.

Nitrogen Fixation

Ammonium is created from nitrogen by nitrogen-fixing bacteria or organic matter by ammonifying bacteria.

Nitrification

Nitrate is created from ammonium by nitrifying bacteria.

Crop Rotation

Planting different crops on the same land during sequential growing seasons. Nutrients kept in better balance, persts less likely to take hold.

Endosperm

Nutrition; protein, oil, and starch.

Fruit

Matured, ripened ovary.

Pollination

Transfer of pollen from anther to the stigma of a receptive flower.

Self-pollination

A form of “inbreeding” with less genetic variability than outbreeding.

Vegetable

Other edible parts of a plant (e.g., leaves, stem, and roots).

Germination

Growth begins from seed (or spore) after period of dormancy.

Meristems

Regions of perpetual cell division and growth.

Primary Growth

Growth in height.length (apical meristem).

Secondary Growth

Growth in diameter (lateral meristem).

Annuals

Live 1 year of less, with growth and production occurring in the same growing season.