COMM101 Final University of Idaho

Audience

Complex and varied group of people the speaker addresses.

Civility when speaking

Care and concern for others, the thoughtful use of words and language, and the flexibility to see the many sides of an issue.

cognitive restructuring

Process that helps reduce anxiety by replacing negative thoughts with positive affirmations.

decoding

Translating words, sounds, and gestures into ideas and feelings in an attempt to understand the message.

Encoding

Translating ideas and feelings into words, sounds, and gestures.

Feedback

The verbal and nonverbal signals an audience gives a speaker

INTRApersonal communication

communication with oneself

INTERpersonal communication

the exchange of thoughts, feelings, and beliefs between two or more people

Visualization

mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation

Public Dialogue

ethical and civil exchange of ideas and opinions among communities about topics that affect the public

How much of our day is spent listening to others communicate?

70%-80%

What word should always be in the statement of purpose for a speech?

"Audience"

Brainstorming by free association

Sitting in front of a blank paper or computer screen and just writing whatever comes down to mind

Brainstorming by categories

Pick a bunch of categories and then list five or six random ideas that belong to each category

brainstorming by clustering

Generating speech topic ideas by starting with one idea and then forming associations that radiate out from the original idea

Within which context is public speaking the most restricted in terms of topic, length, and goal?

Being required to speak (In contrast to spontaneously giving a speech or deciding to do one)

Time limits and preselected purposes are considered ________ that will affect a speaker's selection of a topic for a classroom speech.

Constraints

The phrase "to commemorate" refers to which aspect of the speech development process?

The general purpose

What is a thesis statement?

a single declarative sentence that summarizes the main points of your speech. (They also indicate what you want to say in your speech to accomplish your speaking goal & preview the content of your speech for your audience)

master status

significant positions a person occupies within society that affect that person's identity in almost all social situations

standpoint

Perspective from which a person views and evaluates society.

demographic audience analysis

analysis that identifies the particular population traits of an audience

Empathy

Trying to see and understand the world as another person does.

When opening a speech up to questions-and-answers from the audience, a speaker runs the risk of losing ________.

Control

information overload

When we take in more information than we can process but realize there still is more information we are expected to know.

patchwork plagiarism

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

global plagiarism

stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

incremental plagiarism

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

How is narrative helpful in a speech to get points across?

stories can give historical context to events, make strong connections between ideas and experiences, and add emotional depth to characterizations. They can also describe subjects, settings, and actions with sensory details that can captivate an audience.

Testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

expert testimony

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

peer testimony

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

personal testimony

testimony based on your own personal experiences and beliefs

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

spatial order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

causal order

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship

problem-solution order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

topical order

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

Connectives

The words and phrases we use to link ideas in a speech

Transitions

Phrase that indicates a speaker is finished with one idea and is moving on to a new one.

internal preview

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

internal summary

a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points

Signpost

Simple word or statement that indicates where you are in your speech or highlights an important idea.

preparation outline

a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech

speaking outline

A condensed form of a preparation outline that you use when speaking.

What is a personal benefit to the speaker for delivering a solid introduction to a speech?

Confidence

How can you encourage active listening by the audience in the introduction to your speech?

Ask a compelling question, use a startling statement, tell a story, use a quote, or give a demonstration

When writing your conclusion, what question should you ask yourself?

"What ideas should the audience remember?"

Informative speech

Speech that communicates knowledge and understanding about a process, an event, a person or place, an object, or a concept.

Audience recall with visual aids is ___ times more than without aids.

6

When using visual aids in a speech, you should

Display visual aids only while discussing them, maintain eye contact with listeners when showing visual aids, don't turn your back to the audience for too long

organizational chart

The visual representation of an organization's structure

Flow Chart

chart that illustrates direction or motion

When you create a chart, why do you want to use single words, simple images, or short labels for titles and positions and as few words as possible to describe the steps of a process?

To help your audience visualize the process and its parts quickly and clearly by keeping it simple.

When you want to compare numbers, quantities, or statistics, use a _____ as a visual aid

Graph

As a rule of thumb, ensure the readability of your text by choosing a ______ font.

Simple

Serif Fonts

show small finishing strokes at the ends of the strokes of the letters and so create a baseline for readers' eyes, leading them easily from letter to letter. Better to use when reading a lot of text.

Sans Serif Fonts

Fonts that do not have a tail, or stroke, at the end of some characters, and are commonly used in headlines.

How does varying font size help the audience?

you help your audience identify your main points and subpoints easily and quicker.

Balance

Visual relationship between the items on a visual aid.

From a public speaking perspective, what is the most important reason to use culturally inclusive and gender-inclusive language during a speech?

Connection with the audience

A trained listener can process _____________ words per minute

350-450

Verbal clutter

extraneous words that make it hard for the audience to follow your message

spotlighting

Practice of highlighting a person's race or ethnicity (or sex, sexual orientation, physical disability, and the like) during a speech.

Cultural sensitivity

being aware that cultural differences exist and have an effect on values, learning, and behavior.

political correctness

the idea that language shapes behavior and therefore should be regulated to control its social effects

colloquialism

informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing

careful listener

listener who overcomes listener interference to better understand a speaker's message

critical listener

listener who listens for the accuracy of a speech's content and the implications of a speaker's message

ethical listener

listener who considers the moral impact of a speaker's message on one's self and one's community

Euphemism

An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant

Jargon

special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.

What is a speech that is considerate and delivered in an oral style?

Listenable speech

What is a speech that eases the audience's burden of processing information?

Considerate speech

inductive reasoning

Process of reasoning that uses specific instances, or examples, to make a claim about a general conclusion. (argument by example)

Deductive reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

major premise

Claim in an argument that states a familiar, commonly accepted belief (also called the general principle).

causal reasoning

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

When you use causal reasoning, be careful not to claim a causal relationship if it _____________________________

cannot be proved

Analogical reasoning

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

Reasoning by sign

occurs when you conclude that the presence of one thing indicates the presence of another

Ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

False Dilemma (Either/or)

A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.

Hasty Generalization

A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.

Red herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Slippery Slope

A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

fallacy

Argument that seems valid but is flawed because of unsound evidence or reasoning.

narrative organization

organizational pattern that uses one or more stories to construct an argument

the foundation of ethical persuasive speaking

Honesty

The elaboration likelihood model focuses on ________.

how the audience processes information

Chronological, topical, and spatial patterns of organization are suitable for speeches on questions of fact or value because ________.

they do not request people to take action

Invitational Speaking Environment

Environment in which the speaker's highest priority is to understand, respect, and appreciate the range of possible positions on an issue, even if those positions are quite different from his or her own.

The four most common organizational patterns for invitational speeches

Chronological

Spatial

Topical

Multiple perspectives

condition of equality

requires the speaker to acknowledge that all audience members hold equally valid perspectives worthy of exploration

condition of self-determination

recognizing that the members of your audience are experts in their own lives

condition of value

recognizes value of audiences views

multiple perspectives

being able to examine things from different points of view

public deliberation

engaging in a process that involves the careful weighing of information and views