BIO - Stimulus and Response

Signals received, processed, action taken

Study of the structure of an organism’s parts.

Anatomy

Study of the function of those parts.

Physiology

Smallest living unit is the ____

Cell

Cells are arranged into ____ (an integrated group of similar cells). 

Tissues 

Tissues comprise ____ (two or more tissues packaged into one working unit).

Organs

______ are teams of organs that work together to perform vital body functions.

Organ systems 

The collection of all organ systems makes up the _____.

Organism 

Which organ system relates to stimulus response?

The Nervous Tissue 

Found in your brain and spinal cord, as well as in the nerves that connect these organs to all parts of your body. 

Nervous system  

The cell type that comprises nervous tissue is the _____.

neuron (nerve cell)

Your brain contains an estimated ______ billion neurons. 

100

Nerve fiber

Axon

The ______ ______ separates the synaptic terminal of the sending neuron from the receiving cell. 

Synaptic cleft 

A _________ is a chemical '“messenger” that allows information to flow from a nerve cell to a receiving cell. 

Neurotransmitter 

The two systems of the human nervous system:

CNS, PNS

Brain

spinal cord

Central nervous system

Nerves

Motor

autonomic 

Peripheral nervous system 

Interprets signals coming from peripheral nerves and sends out appropriate responses through other peripheral nerves. 

Central nervous system (CNS)

Spaces in the brain and spinal corn are filled with _______, which helps to cushion and supply nutrients to the CNS. 

Cerebrospinal fluid 

Regulates autonomic nervous system, serves as homeostatic control center; controls pituitary gland; acts as biological clock. 

Hypothalamus 

Performs sophisticated integration.

Cerebrum

Outer layer of the cerebrum: involved in memory, learning, speech, emotions; formulates complex behavioral responses. 

Cerebral cortex 

Coordinates body movement

Cerebellum

Secretes hormones

Pituitary gland

Receives and integrates auditory data; coordinates visual reflexes; sends sensory data to higher brain centers. 

Midbrain 

Controls breathing

Pons

Controls breathing, circulation, swallowing, digestion.

Medulla oblongata

Consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata; regulates vitals functions such as breathing; serves as sensory and motor filter for other parts of the brain.

Brainstem

• Frontal association area

• Speech 

• Motor cortex 

Frontal lobe

• Somatosensory cortex 

• Speech 

• Taste

• Somatosensory association area 

• Reading 

Parietal lobe 

• Visual association area 

• Vision 

Occipital lobe 

• Auditory association area 

• Smell

• Hearing 

Temporal lobe 

Consists of nerves that convey information to and from the CNS.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

All of these functions are in what system?

• Ganglia 

• Spinal nerves

• Cranial nerves

The PNS

• The _____ neurons carry signals to skeletal muscles, mainly in response to external stimuli.

• Voluntary

Motor system

Involuntary is in what system 

Autonomic nervous system 

The ______ regulates the internal environment by controlling smooth and cardiac muscles and the glands of several body systems. 

ANS 

“Rest and digest” is _____

Parasympathetic division

“Fight or flight” is _______

Sympathetic division

Primes the body for intense, energy consuming activities.

Sympathetic ANS

Primes the body for activities related to the long term needs of the body.

Parasympathetic ANS