World History Unit 7 Vocabulary: Collisions

Malintzin

Doña Marina was what she was called by the Spanish and she was sent to the Yucatan Peninsula to be a slave by her family. She became a translator for Hernan Cortes as he conquered. She was also called La Malinche

Tenochtitlan

The capital of the Aztec Empire

Hernan Cortes

The man who conquered the Aztec Empire

Taino/Arawaks

The most prominent people in the Caribbean at the time the Spanish arrived.

Hispaniola

Present day Haiti and the Dominican Republic

encomienda

the system that forced the native people to work in the mines in exchange for being looked after by the encomendores.

smallpox

a large disease around 1518

Motecuzoma II

The Aztec emperor at the time of the conqest.

Atahualpa

The Inca emperor at the time of the conquest

Cuzco

The Inca Empires capital

viceroy

people who represented the king of Spain and governed the two main centers of authority in the Americas

audiencias

review of courts which was staffed by university-educated lawyers

Mexica

The people who founded the Aztec Empire

Treaty of Tordesillas

A treaty that divided the New World between Spain and Portugal. Portugal got Brazil, and the Spanish got the rest of South America and a bit of North America.

Joint stock companies

Portuguese investors gave money to finance expeditions to America, and they retained more control over their colonies’ affairs than the Spanish.

Mestizo

someone of both European and American ancestry

chinampas

artificial islands built by the Aztecs for agriculture

pochteca

professional Aztec merchants. they were wealthy even though they were commoners. They sold slaves and goods.

Tlacaelel

An official who made the idea of human sacrifice much more important

Huitzilopochtli

An Aztec deity who was identified with the sun

Quechua

The language spoken by the Incas

The Andes

The mountain range in which the Incas built their empire

Mita

A labor service provided to the Incas by the people they conquered, this usually means working on a farm or herding animals.

Quipus

Knotted cords used as counting devices by the Incas

Sapay Inca

The Inca Ruler

Coya

Inca rulers mistress

Terrace farming

A way of farming that created steps in the mountains to aid farming for the Incas

What is the largest component in how a society progresses and succeeds, according to Jared Diamond?

Geography

Francisco Pizarro

A retired army captain from Trujillo, Spain, and he led a conquest into the Andes, the first to do such a thing. He encountered the Incas, who he then conquered.

Cajamarca

Where the Inca emperor resides

Jacabus

The gun which was used by the Spaniards, it was considered extremely advanced at the time

Atahualpa

Inca emperor at the time of the Spanish conquest

Bartolomeu Dias

The first European to go around the southern tip of Africa

Religious Proselytizing

The act of trying to spread a religion, in this case Spain was trying to spread Christianity, which led them to accept Christopher Columbus’ request to explore further, as they were hoping he would find people to convert.

Juan de la Cosa

The chief navigator for Columbus’ expedition, as well as many others to the Americas.

Treaty of Tordesillas

The treaty determined that Portugal and Spain had to split the Americas

John Cabot

He found Newfoundland, though he thought he had found a new area of Asia. He was sponsored by the British and acquired them their first land of the Americas.

Piri Reis

He drew the first map of the world, and he was a captain in the Turkish Navy. He was known for his maps being incredibly accurate.

Conquistadores

People who were commissioned to conquer and explore the newly claimed land in the Americas.

Hernan Cortes

Conquered the Aztec Empire

Mbanza Kongo

The capital of the Kingdom of Kongo, it was on a cliff overlooking a river.

Diego Cao

He was looking for a passage to India and accidentally sailed into the Kingdom of Kongo.

Afonso of the Kongo

The king of Kongo during the time when slave demand skyrocketed. He led the Kongo into a more Christian approach and was fairly compliant with the Portuguese, though they were manipulating him.

Mbila

The churches which Afonso built, it means tombs.

Houngan

A priest of Vodou

Vodou

The religion practiced by many Haitians, derived from ethnic African traditions.

Madame Sarahs

The market women in Haiti

Noirisme

The idea of racing racial consciousness

hegemonic, hegemony

leadership or dominance that is so great people willingly embrace the ideology of the government

batey

A sugar plantation

casta painting

Paintings that show the difference in lineage from the Spaniards and it provides the labels which people are given based on their parents, this was the creation of a racial system.

Chattel slavery

A form of slavery when people can legally own each other

Indentured slavery

A form of slavery based on debt not race, this was usually found in English colonies

The Middle Passage

The most notorious leg of the Triangular Trade, known for its massive number of slaves in tight quarters on cargo ships.

Colombian Exchange

The exchange of goods from the Americas to Europe. It refers to the cultural diffusion between the New World and the Old World after Columbus. It creates a lot of wealth and improves the standard of living. The only people who did not benefit were enslaved Africans and indigenous people.

Amistad

A slave ship which had a rebellion where the enslaved people were able to kill the crew, they landed on Connecticut.

Where are slaves most commonly traded?

Hispaniola, the Caribbean, and Brazil

Potosi

The large silver mining city in modern-day Bolivia that was the economic center of New Spain

Zacatecas

The silver mining city in modern day Mexico that was extremely successful.

empire

a government that rules multiple groups of people

context

the circumstances that surround people and events

women of the sun

Conquered women of the Inca who were known for their expertise in making textiles and beer, these people were taken from their homes as young girls, bit often ended up priestesses or married to men of distinction.

gender parallelism

the idea that men and women should work in two separate spheres but that are equivalent in importance

quinto or a royal fifth

the tax imposed on silver by the Spanish government

viceroy

a Spanish who worked directly under the king and acted as governor of a colony.

commercial revolution

a transformation that changed how businesses raised money, developed new trade opportunities, and created global economies managed by the government.

mulattoes

people born of both Portuguese and African descent

zambos

people born of African and Indigenous descent

peninsulares

migrants born in the Iberian peninsula in Europe, they were seen as the top of the social hierarchy

creoles

people born in the Americas of Iberian descent, they were second in the hierarchy

metis

French for “mixed”

hacienda

the estate on a mining property that produced self-sustaining agriculture, but also for the market. What they grew was mostly European crops

Pueblo Revolt

An uprise of an indigenous group against the encomienda that halted the business for twelve years

Tupac Amura

the last Inca ruler who was beheaded by the Spanish

engenho

the sugar mill