AAS final

domestic violence is not about violence its about

control - if one person in the relationship says “if you break up i will self harm”, or taking someone’s phone, financial control

DV statistics

•  1 in 3 women, 1 in 4 men have experienced ipv,

• 1 in 4 women and 1 in 9 men have experienced severe ipv, sxual violence, or stalking

• women between 18-24 are most commonly abused by intimate partner

sources of intimate partner violence

• acculturative stress - problems of acculturation

  • language barriers

  • lack of economic resources

  • minority status

  • unfamiliar systems

• alcohol abuse

• employment status

• patriarchal ideology

Adverse childhood experiences - ACEs

potentially traumatic or highly stressful events that occur to children, such as being abused or neglected,

likely very much underreported/understudied in asian am communities

greater the likelihood of chronic illnesses in adulthood, such as osteoporosis, cancer, and heart disease and earlier death.

Intergenerational trauma

trauma passed down to subsequent generations

• Trauma makes it hard to determine appropriate and healthy boundaries

• Boundaries may differ for Asian vs Western parent-child relationships

  • Western advice often to just cut off parents, ignores the difficulty for Asian Americans to do so

racialization process in America for POCs

• creates "racial groups" regardless of ethnic or national origin.

• all Asian Americans are treated as a unitary group.

historical masculinity in America

white masculinity and citizenship

men of color have been denied citizenship and thus access to historically masculine rights afforded to citizens,

hegemonic negotiation

AA men are faced with a choice when confronted with the White masculine norm.

emulate and be like the dominant White male or "accept the fact we are not men"

"feminization" as a negative characterization of Asian American men.

connote low status and power

aa cultural notions on masculinity

• polite, obedient, willingness for domestic tasks

• confucian: men gender roles flexible and complex

  • group harmony and filial piety

Pleck’s theory

discrepancy - failing to live up

dysfunction - negative effects of expectations for men bc are often psychologically toxic

trauma - "male socialization process...which is recognized as inherently traumatic"

Gender Role Conflict measure focuses on four domains

1. success, power, and competition

2. restriction of emotions and a lack of emotional responsiveness

3. homophobia

4. a restriction of affect toward other men

Conformity to Masculine Role Norms Inventory

• Self-Reliance

• Status

• Homos disdain

• Winning

• Women - Power Over

• Work

• Violence

• Emotional Control

• RiskTaking

• Pl@yboy

• Dominance

Wade’s theory

greater the ego maturity, more likely to resist conforming to conventional gender roles and traditional groups

• No Reference Group: disconnected from other males

• Reference Group Nondependent Diversity: appreciation of differences in males

• Reference Group Nondependent Similarity: connectedness

• Reference Group Dependent: connectedness with some males but not others.

white masculinity

• white, middle class, heterosexual, young, handsome, athletic, fully employed

• aa men are inferior and distance selves from that group to achieve higher status;

Asian women systematically excluded from entering US

• families could be threats to the “effi ciency and exploitability of the workforce”

the Gentleman’s Agreement

• began to allow

• spouses joining their husbands, single women searching for work and marriage,

• most were prostitutes

“three obediences”

—obedience to the father, submission to the husband, and indulgence of the son measures of a woman’s value

women are expected to obtain an education because

education is important for displaying wisdom and good genes for marriage

not to become too educated because

• reduce her “female attributes” of wife, mother, etc.

• man may not want to marry a woman more educated than himself

• a career may cause her to focus on work rather than family duties.

Clothing as a cultural tradition for women

that serves to oppress and control.

• camouflage secondary s3x characteristics

aa woman stereotypes

• “dragon lady” who is evil, inscrutable, sinister

• prostitution and overs3xuality: “dutiful, obedient, and s3xually accessible”

• “perfect woman” image is further promulgated by the small stature, childlike

aa outmarriage

• Asian American women 3x more likely to have White husbands aa men were to have White wives

cass’s gay identity formation

• identity confusion- start to question

• identity comparison - likely to be gay by comparing themselves to heterosexuals

• tolerance - name themselves as gay although they may be still uncomfortable

• acceptance - adopt non-heterosexuality as identity

• pride - gays begin to embrace their identity and a way of life

• synthesis -one aspect of their multiple identities

identity negotiation theory posits that

individuals internalize others’ perceptions in interactions to develop their group and personal identity

gay asian man stereotypes

feminine, invisible, passive, subservience, looking for a dominant white man

same stereotypes than asian women face

4 primary identity domains from eguchi

cultural, ethnic, gender, and personal - exert an important, ongoing impact throughout our lives

identity as performance - front and backstage

social actors perform identities in a particular social setting

• front stage: mask to present ientities for audience

  • ‘‘some gay Asian-American men actively acknowledge their feminine roles’’ for their strategy in mate selection.

• back stage: only the social actors exist, audience does not.

middle class def

at least one parent with a HS degree or higher that held a professional or non labor intensive job in korea

working class def

both parents have less than a high school education and worked in the service or labor market in Korea.

compared to middle class, working

less sophisticated language, more dependent on children for household tasks and for child rearing

1.5 gen -

only entered lexicon in 1988, range is continuously debated

• “culture shock” of entering a new country and feeling alienated is an experience that is shared by 1.5ers

taxi driver

income may not be working class but still feel working class bc do not have sophisticated language, more dependent for household and more child rearing for younger

MH parents strategies

(1) kinship and co-ethnic networks church, work, and communities to reinforce the values of education, bilingual skills, and ethnic ties

2) using co-ethnic networks to gain important schooling information

(3) sending their children to hagwon for SAT prep

(4) hiring private bilingual tutors and counselors to compensate for the parents' limited English language skills and knowledge of the U.S. education system

korean parents values

get good grades, go to Ivy League colleges, speak fluent Korean, and be proud of being Korean

hagwon

offer cram classes that prepare students for standardized exams, learn Korean and English language skills, and reinforce other academic disciplines.

things that increase risk of dropout

• low socioeconomic backgrounds, parents working long hours

• single mother

• parent divorce

• working for family income

• less parental supervision

working class families lack of social networks

• often have to work on weekends, do not go to korean churches so don’t get that education emphasis

• they interact more w other youths also from low-income families, dropouts or in service jobs

working class fams strategies

(1) turn to public schools to take care of education

(2) transferring their children from one school to another for financial or improve ed reasons.

drawbacks of public schools

• underfunded

• no bilingual assistance

• switching makes it harder to have roots

boba liberals

asian american progressive activists with a feminist worldview

Lu,

Asian women who “use their white/non-Asian partners to gain influence and put them in positions of power above other Asians,”

negotiating identity drug use among aa

disjuncture - “typical” Asian Americans do not engage in these activities

natural connection - Drugs or dance are ways to deal with issues

subtle associations - entirely separate issues, nothing remarkable about it

why are asian americans drawn to drg use

• stress relief - see it as a way to manage the pressure of high academic expectations

• emotional freedom - feeling emotionally repressed through upbringing (being expected to show obey)

• ecstasy is clean

• self medication - potentially problematic

words used with negotiating identity aa drug use

finding, searching, discovering, losing, and reclaiming

korean businesses in black areas

• were intially owned by jewish people who sold it to black people for twice the price who then sold it to koreans for 5x the price

sa-i-ku

los angeles 1992 riots - koreans stores looted and burned, called 911 and they never came

why were korean and african tensions worsened

• the media exacerbated it

• whenever there was an African American boycott of a Korean store or whenever conflict surfaced between Korean and African Americans, community leaders found a dozen microphones from all the main news media shoved into their faces

latasha harlins

15 year old girl who was shot and killed by Soon Ja Du because she thought she was stealing - fined and community service

loving v virginia

in 1967 struck down banning of intermarriage which created dramatic increase in interracial marriages

struggle of asian american population growth in 19th 20th centuries

• asian women banned from immigrating

• intermarriage banned

the cable act

this act stripped non-Asian women of their citizenship if they married Asian men.

why were anti miscegenation laws created

Theodore G. Bilbo, argued that intermarriage was "totally destructive to the white race" - to preserve racial purity

The 4 F’s

• Fight: Angry attempts to assert dominance or control; physical aggression, yelling, throwing.

• Flight: Being anxious, overwhelmed, urge to leave or flee a situation, finding distractions (overworking or avoiding interactions).

• Freeze: Dissociated, immobilized, overwhelmed, feelings of numbness, feeling at a loss for words, disconnected from the body or checked out.

• Fawn: Anxious, feelings of guilt, inability to establish or assert boundaries, urge to please people to diffuse conflict, struggle with identity.

predictors of poor mental health

Predictors of Mental Health:

• employment and financial status

• poor health - bad nutrition

• gender - women higher incidence than men

• interethnic -

  • southeast asian men are happier than women, but hmong and khmer men more depressed than women

  • chinese and filipino women more depressed than males

  • japanese and korean women less depressed than men

• old age - older you are

• social isolation

• recency of immigration - more recent have more stress

• refugee pre experiences - southeast asians

why are psychopathology rates among asians misleading

• self reports can be biased and not culturally aware

• may not seek services

• misdiagnoses are common

  • talking to dead relatives may be a cultural spiritual belief than a sign of psychosis

trauma is

is significant past event and physical reactions to triggers that continue on into the present.

problems with testing materials

• doesn’t account for asian biases - foreign-born Asian Americans are less likely than Euro-Americans to claim that they possess socially desirable traits

somatization

• headaches, stomach ulcers, IBS, hypertension, back neck shoulder pain

• somatic problems do not carry the stigma or negative social consequences that psychological problems do.

substance abuse and conduct disorders

lower rates but could be due to underreporting and cultural biases - schizophrenia and self medicating

jus soli

citizenship accrues to "all" born within a nation's jurisdiction.

U.S.v. Wong KimArk 1898

native-born children of noncitizens, even those permanently barred by race from acquiring citizenship, were birthright citizens

2 periods of racial naturalization

• 1790 to 1870, when only free Whites were able to naturalize.

  • extended it only to free Black people

• Second period: 1870

  • 1940s - incremental changes

  • due to Nzi Germany being the only other country with race restrictions, and barring naturalization to Asian countries despite having Asian allies

when did racial bans officially end

1952

chinese people and affirmative action

• misinformation is perpetuated on we chat - where notions that asian am are being purposefully denied spots for being asian by quotas

• exam heavy culture - china has gaokao and so often view merit through test

causes of acculturative stress

• learning new language

• different customs and norms for social interactions

• unfamiliar rules and laws

• minority status

• difficulty finding employment - contrasted with dreams of opportunity

• isolation

longer u stay, less these are among asian am

mediating and moderating factors

things that cause stress and make it worse

• intergenerational conflict -parents’ demand for obedience and the children’s struggle for independence

• language struggles

• difficulties with migration

minority status is stressful bc

• discrimination causes stress

• model minority causes bamboo ceiling

  • lack of employment growth creates stress

protective factors

• joining asian clubs, organizations, and events

• Asian family structure - stability and predictability

• culturally based faith and spirituality

culture bound syndrome

• specific disorders/psych phenomenons in one culture

• neurasthenia, a condition found in some Asian populations

aa utilization of mental services

• low rates of utilization among Asian Americans. But of the ones who do use it do tend to be more seriously disturbed.

• Asian Americans tend to describe themselves with more numerous and more serious mental health symptoms than Whites.

cultural orientations

• assimilated - 100% host

• separatist - only home culture

• bicultural - move fluidly between both (happiest)

• marginal - isolated from their culture of origin as well as the dominant society

Improve mental Health Service

• multicultural training (cultural values and behaviors, pre- and postmigration experiences)

• more asian American service providers

treatment considerations

• Asian clients require less dosage - some side effects more severe

• aa more likely to seek help at counseling or education than psych services

• may have complaints about headaches, stomachache, trouble sleeping

FCC authenticity and appropriation

• soy sauce has become an international food

  • Japan - shoyu. Peru - sillao. Malaysia and Indonesia - kecap manis

  • america uses hydrolyzed protein

• Sam Lau’s Chinese restaurant

• tempura came from portugal

• tomatoes, chilies and potatoes came from america

• native foreign dishes

• Tijoe Tung - Singapore

• chicken tikka masala,

• global localization of chinese food

• fortune cookie is japanese

food as a language

• learning a language or history takes a lot of time but eating a food is easy

• connects cultural identities across nations - if you can eat the food of a country, it seems less foreign

• “Food is an intimate language that everyone understands, everyone shares. It is the primary ambassador of first contact between cultures, one that transcends spoken language.”

• american stir fry that has its own unique pieces that come together in one sauce in one dish

how it negotiates identity

• China garden in india - founder is indian and chinese and blends chinese inspired dishes to fit indian palettes

• changing food to fit american/local tastes - americans like fried, they like broccoli, they dont like bones (creating a chinese american identity)