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Louis Napoleon
The leader who pursued the establishment of the second empire in France, later known as Napoleon III.
Second Empire
A French regime established by Louis Napoleon in 1852 characterized by authoritarian rule and state control.
Universal Male Suffrage
The right of all adult males to vote, restored by Louis Napoleon.
Legislative Corporation
An institution in the Second Empire that created the appearance of a representative government but lacked real power.
Paris Reconstruction
The modernization plan for Paris that included broad streets, public squares, and improved sanitation.
Liberalization of the Regime
The process by which the Second Empire eased its authoritarian grip in the 1860s, allowing for trade unions and the right to strike.
Mexican Adventure
A failed foreign policy endeavor by Napoleon III to colonize Mexico and install Archduke Maximilian as emperor.
Crimean War (1854-1856)
A conflict in which France and Britain fought against Russia to maintain the balance of power and protect Ottoman territories.
Austro-Prussian War
A conflict in which Prussia defeated Austria, leading to Prussia's dominance in Central Europe and the exclusion of Austria from German unification.
Dual Monarchy
The political system established in 1867 that created a dual government in Austria-Hungary.
Emancipation Edict
A reform enacted by Tsar Alexander II that abolished serfdom in Russia.
The Communist Manifesto
A political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that critiques capitalism and outlines the theory of communism.
Realpolitik
A pragmatic approach to politics focused on practical rather than ideological considerations, often associated with Otto von Bismarck.
Bacteriology
The study of bacteria, which emerged in the 19th century, leading to advances in public health and medicine.
Sociology
The scientific study of society and social relationships, emphasized by Auguste Comte.
Realism in Literature
A literary movement that aimed to depict everyday life and society accurately, rejecting romanticism.
Nationalism
A political ideology that emphasizes the interests of a particular nation, often leading to independence movements and unification efforts.
Populism
A political approach that seeks to represent the interests of ordinary people, often against perceived elitism.
