cosios chapter 22 notes

  • 1850: New generation of conservative leaders

Louis Napoleon: towards the second empire

  • Elected as president in 1848

    • wanted lots of power (more)

  • won the support of the French

    • Seized the government when they didn’t want him to get reelected/ rerun in 1851

  • restored universal male suffrage and “forced” the people to vote for him.

    • restored the empire in 1852

    • became Napoleon III

      • The second empire begins …

the second Napoleonic emipre

  • authoritarian government

    • controlled armed forces, police, and government

  • Only he could pass laws and declare war

    • legislative corporation- an appearance of a representative government

    • but ultimately, they have no power

  • Early domestic policies:

  • The first 5 years were a success

    • worldwide economic prosperity

    • used government resources to stimulate the economy and foster industrialization

      • railroads, harbors, road canals

    • Provided hospitals and free medicine for workers

    • advocated for better working-class housing

  • Paris reconstruction:

  • modernization

    • broad streets, spacious buildings, and public squares

  • underground sewage

  • public water supply

  • gas lights

  • All the extra space makes it easier for troops to put down any revolts

  • liberalization of the regime

  • liberalizes regime in 1860s in response to opposition

    • cause and effects

    • legalized trade unions

    • right to strike

    • liberalize political process

      • more say, debate, etc

  • Foreign policy: The Mexican adventure

  • Not as great at foreign policy

  • tried to colonize Mexico

    • wanted to dominate Mexican markets ()</p></li><li><p>installedArchdukeMaximilianasemperorofMexico</p><ul><li><p>hadnoarmy</p></li><li><p>nopower</p></li><li><p>surrendersin1867//executed</p></li><li><p>blowtopowerofnapoleon</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h4id="a9547d5b−b275−459f−81fa−2c65a9c0787e"data−toc−id="a9547d5b−b275−459f−81fa−2c65a9c0787e"collapsed="false"seolevelmigrated="true">ForeignPolicy:TheCrimeanWar</h4><ul><li><p>1854−1856</p></li><li><p>wantedtofreeFrancefromtheCongressofViennasettlements</p></li><li><p>wantedFrancetobethedominantEuropeanpower(Goal)</p></li><li><p>theottomanempire</p></li><li><p>TheOttomanEmpiredeclinedfromthe17thcentury−on</p><ul><li><p>lostterritory.toAustria,Russia</p></li><li><p>nationalismisgrowing</p><ul><li><p>greekrevolt1830</p></li><li><p>Serbiaautonomous</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Authoritydwindling(gettingsmaller)</p><ul><li><p>meanstheEuropeanpowersareinterested(moreland)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>Russia</p><ul><li><p>(nexttoottoman)</p></li><li><p>religiousaffiliation</p><ul><li><p>RussianOrthodoxandGreekOrthodox=similar</p><ul><li><p>caninfluencearea</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>othereuropeanpowersdontlikethis</p><ul><li><p>allwantapeice(ottomanland)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>warinthecrimea</p></li><li><p>russiaandottomangotowarin1853</p></li><li><p>russiansdemandrighttoprotestchristianshrinesinpalastine(ottomanlandandfranceisoverlookingatm)</p><ul><li><p>otoomanrefused,russiansoccupy//invade</p><ul><li><p>ottomansdeclarewar</p><ul><li><p>march1854britianandfrancealdodeclarewaronrussia</p></li></ul></li><li><p>why(franceandbritian)?−concernedoverthebalanceofpower</p><ul><li><p>britian−fearedrussiawouldprofitfromtheotoomanemipre,seizeterrtorytomakeruissiaamajorpower</p></li><li><p>challagedbritainsnavalcontrolofeasternmeddiatrranian</p><ul><li><p>economicconcerns</p></li></ul></li><li><p>france−russiainstlutedthembywantingmroepower</p></li><li><p>russiahadtofightalone</p><ul><li><p>nosupportfromaustria(known//assumed)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>battleofbalaklava</p></li><li><p>britianandfranceattackrussiascrimeanpeninsulaatbalcksea</p><ul><li><p>manydeaths</p></li></ul></li><li><p>sevastopol(russianfortress)fallsin1855</p><ul><li><p>tsarnicholasdiesin1855tsaralexanderII−new</p><ul><li><p>suesforpeace</p><ul><li><p>ledtotreatyofparis1856</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>treatyofparis1856</p><ul><li><p>russiagivesupland</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>neutrallityofblacksea</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>moldaviaandwallachia−underconrollbythe5greatpowers(austria,france,russia,britian,prussia)</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Changesfromthewar</p><ul><li><p>250kdead</p><ul><li><p>diseases(cholera)</p></li></ul></li><li><p>fram=nce,british,andottomanssidewon//russialost</p></li><li><p>effectivlydisrtoyedtheconcertofeuropeandbalanceofpower</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>austriaandrussia−nowenimes,hateeachother..</p></li><li><p>russianowweakandembarrassed</p><ul><li><p>widthdrawsfromeurpoeaffairsfor20years</p></li></ul></li><li><p>britianpullsback</p></li><li><p>austriahasnofriends</p></li><li><p>nowothercountirescanmakechanges</p></li></ul></li></ul><p>flournacenightingale−britishnurse</p><ul><li><p>forcedstrictsanitaryconditons−savingmanylives</p></li><li><p>transformsnursingintoamoretrainedprofession</p></li></ul><h4id="97d20fa6−b9fb−4623−b882−1780834f3be6"data−toc−id="97d20fa6−b9fb−4623−b882−1780834f3be6"collapsed="false"seolevelmigrated="true">itallianunification</h4><ul><li><p>nationalismrises</p></li><li><p>revolutionof1848</p><ul><li><p>popularnastionalistmovements:demandsforunifoeditalyandfreedomausrtianrule</p></li><li><p>warinnorthernitalyendsindefeatofrepublicansbyaustria</p><ul><li><p>onlykingdomofpiedmontretainsaliberalconstitution</p><ul><li><p>piedmontbecomescenterofitalianhopesforunification</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>youngitaly−est.1831−</p><ul><li><p>giuseppemazzinisnationalistsociety(mainlystudents)</p></li><li><p>pledgedtomakeitalyaunited,free,indepenedntrepublicannationwhereeverymanwouldbeconsideredequal</p></li></ul></li><li><p>guiseppegaribaldi</p><ul><li><p>followerofmazzini</p><ul><li><p>embracedtherepublicannationalismoftheyounfitalymovement</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>supporteditalianunificationunderademocraticrepublicangovernment</p><ul><li><p>alliedhimslefwiththemonacharchistcavour</p><ul><li><p>cavourwasrulerofpiemont−sardina</p></li></ul></li><li><p>subordinatedrepublicanidealstonationalistonesuntilitalywasunified</p><ul><li><p>switchedprioritiesforamin…</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>camillocavour</p><ul><li><p>politicionprompiedmont</p></li><li><p>wantedtodefendaustriawithfranceshelptouniteitaly</p></li><li><p>advocatedforconstitutionalmonarchy</p></li><li><p>becometheprimeminitsterunderkingvictoremmanualII</p><ul><li><p>likeapresident</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>warwithaustria</p><ul><li><p>cavourandnapoeleonIII(itallianandfrench)plottoprovokeawartoweakenaustria</p></li><li><p>italliansofpiedmontdefeataustrians,movingtheaustriansfromnorthernitaly</p></li><li><p>PLOTTWIST:francebetraysitalyandleaveslomardyunderaustriansconrol</p><ul><li><p>napoleonIIIfearsaunifieditalywouldupsetthebalanceofpower</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>unificationandconflict</p><ul><li><p>vicotremmanualIIisnamedthekingofitalyin1861</p><ul><li><p>garibaldi:itailianunification>republic</p></li></ul></li><li><p>parlamentfilledwithcorruption−compromismo</p></li><li><p>tenstionbetweenindustrialnorthandrual,poorsouthernitaly</p></li><li><p>unificationcompletein1866venetiaand1870romebecaomepartofitaly</p></li></ul></li></ul><h4id="a575c9ea−f5b8−484a−8ac4−e2874da7f302"data−toc−id="a575c9ea−f5b8−484a−8ac4−e2874da7f302"collapsed="false"seolevelmigrated="true">Germanunification(themoreimportantunification)</h4><ul><li><p>pre19thcentury−littleconceptofbeing“german”</p></li><li><p>HREreplacedwithgermanconfederation</p><ul><li><p>productofcongressofvienna</p></li></ul></li><li><p>riseofnationalismandromanitcism</p><ul><li><p>usedbypoliticionslikebismark</p><ul><li><p>createdanationalidentityandmovetowardsunification</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>ottovonbismark</p><ul><li><p>conservitivestatemanandjunker(nobilityofprussia)</p></li><li><p>assosiatedwith“realpolitik”and“bloodandiron”</p><ul><li><p>realpolitik−usingpoliticstoyouradvantage,doingwhatthepeoplewant(evenifitisagianstyourviews)</p></li></ul></li><li><p>mainpriority−germanunification</p></li><li><p>usednationalismtoadvantage</p><ul><li><p>outmaneuvertheliberalsoftheparlamentbyco−opting(supporting)liberalideas</p><ul><li><p>suchaswelfarestatetogiansupportforai=unifiedgermany</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>pathtounification</p></li><li><p>thedanishwar(1864)−prussiaalliedwithaustriatodefeatdenmark</p><ul><li><p>tookover//divednorthernstates</p></li></ul></li><li><p>asutro−prussianwar(1866)−foughteachotherandaustrialoss</p><ul><li><p>outcome−prussiawasthedominantcentraleuropeanpower</p></li><li><p>kleindestche(smallgermany)excludesaustriafromunification</p></li></ul></li><li><p>northgermaticconfederation</p><ul><li><p>formedin1867,afteraustro−prussianare</p></li><li><p>establsihedaconstitutionalmonarchyledbyprussia</p></li><li><p>executivepowerinthepresident(hereditaryheadofthehouseofhohenzollern)</p><ul><li><p>assistedbyachanccelloe</p></li></ul></li><li><p>2houselegislature</p><ul><li><p>bundersrat−appointedbystategovernment</p></li><li><p>reichstag−choosenbyuniversalmalesufferage</p></li></ul></li><li><p>replacedbythegermanempire1871</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Franco−prussianwar</p><ul><li><p>prussiasvictoryoveraustriaincreasedtentionwithfrance</p></li><li><p>francedeclreswaronprussiawhenbismarkmadeitlooklikewilhelmIofprussiainsultedhiminatelegram</p></li><li><p>prussiacrushesfranceandcapturesnapeoplen,annexedAlsace−lorrainandendsfrances3rdemipire</p></li><li><p>wilhelmproclimedpemerorofunitedgermany</p></li></ul></li><li><p>thegermanempire</p><ul><li><p>ledmykaiserwilhelmI</p></li><li><p>bismarkattemptedtocreatestablilityandpeace(balanceofpower)throughhisdevelopmentofanallinecesystem</p><ul><li><p>bismarkssystemofallinece</p></li></ul></li><li><p>foughttolimittheinfluenceofthecatholicchurch</p></li><li><p>appealtoluveralsbycreatingawelfaresystem(governmentspinseredsupports)anduniversalmalesufferage</p><ul><li><p>realpoilitik</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>effectsandsignificants</p><ul><li><p>upsetsthebalanceofpowercreatedthe2nweeuropeanpowers</p><ul><li><p>italyandgermany</p></li></ul></li><li><p>germanyemergesasaneconomicpowerhouseandrapidlyindustrializes</p></li><li><p>theraiseofgermanyand(lesser)italywillincreaseinsternaionalcompetition</p><ul><li><p>increasesthedesireotcolonize</p><ul><li><p>imperialization</p></li></ul></li><li><p>leadotthedevelopmentofthealliencesystem,willsetoffww1</p><ul><li><p>bismarkssystem</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h4id="23a308a1−583e−42cb−9a98−bae542407831"data−toc−id="23a308a1−583e−42cb−9a98−bae542407831"collapsed="false"seolevelmigrated="true">nationbuildingandreform:thenationalstateinmidcentury</h4><ul><li><p>othestatesundergoingtransformationatthetime</p><ul><li><p>war,civilwar,changingpolitcalalignments</p></li></ul></li><li><p>theaustrialempire:towardadualmonarchy</p></li><li><p>habsburgscenturalizedautocraticgovernment</p><ul><li><p>crushedrevolutionsis1848</p></li><li><p>outcomeof1848revolutions−freedomfortheserfsandlaborservices</p></li><li><p>industrailizationnspeedsupafterthe1850s</p><ul><li><p>bringmajorecom=nomicandsocailchamge</p></li><li><p>changes:developmentofanurbanproletarint,laborunrest,andnewindurstialmiddleclass</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>1851−revolutionaryconstitutionsabolished</p><ul><li><p>centralizedautocratsresumesalexandervonbach(conservitive)</p></li><li><p>hungarysubjecttoruleofmiliataryofficers</p></li><li><p>catholicchurchmadestatechurch</p></li><li><p>controllededucation</p></li></ul></li><li><p>austriadefeatinitallianwar1859−emperorfansisjosephtriestocreatanimpartailparlament</p><ul><li><p>parlamentcontroledbycrown</p><ul><li><p>withsomeeleced</p></li></ul></li><li><p>supposedtoleadtomorerepresentaionbufavoredgermanofficals</p><ul><li><p>ethincminoritieswithlittlesay</p></li><li><p>espthehungarians(conflictbrewing)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>ausgleich1867</p></li><li><p>austroprussainwar−needtodealwithnationaslistichungarians</p></li><li><p>causeandeffect</p><ul><li><p>results−ausgleich</p><ul><li><p>compromise1867</p></li><li><p>createddualmonarchyofaustriaandhungary</p></li></ul></li><li><p>eachpartnowhasacahnge</p><ul><li><p>constitution</p></li><li><p>ownbicamerarallegislature</p></li><li><p>owngovernmentfordomesticaffairs</p></li><li><p>owncapital</p><ul><li><p>vienna,budapest</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>singlemonarchfrancisjosephisholdingthemtogether</p><ul><li><p>cmmonarmy</p></li><li><p>foriegnpolicy</p></li><li><p>finances</p></li></ul></li><li><p>howeverthiscompromisedoesnotconsidertheothermanynatioalitiesinthereigon</p><ul><li><p>poles,craots,czechs,serbs,slovaks,etc</p></li><li><p>problemwillexistuntiltheendofww1(whenemiprebreaksdown)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h4id="bc6850a9−51a0−4505−a6c1−05d59ea8315d"data−toc−id="bc6850a9−51a0−4505−a6c1−05d59ea8315d"collapsed="false"seolevelmigrated="true">imperialrussia</h4><ul><li><p>russiadefeatincrimeanwarshoeddeficanciesinabsolutepowerandhowfarbehindtheyare</p><ul><li><p>comparedtowesternpowers</p></li><li><p>tsaralexanderIIfoucusedonoverhaulingrussiansystem</p></li></ul></li><li><p>serfdomwasthebiggestproblem</p><ul><li><p>corruptandfailingsystem</p></li><li><p>russianlandownerscouldnotcompetewithforigenproduction</p></li><li><p>serfsuneducatedandunabletodealwithmorecomplexmachinesandweapons</p></li><li><p>peasentsdissatisfactionledtolocalrevolts</p></li></ul></li><li><p>abolitionofserfdom</p></li><li><p>emancipationedict</p><ul><li><p>peasentscannow</p><ul><li><p>ownproperty</p></li><li><p>marrywhotheywant</p></li><li><p>suepeople</p></li></ul></li><li><p>stilllimitedbenifits</p><ul><li><p>gottheworstoftheland</p></li><li><p>hardtomakeuseful</p></li><li><p>peasentpoprisingledtohardships</p></li></ul></li><li><p>peasantsstillnotcompletelyfree</p><ul><li><p>stategavelandowners)</p></li><li><p>installed Archduke Maximilian as emperor of Mexico</p><ul><li><p>had no army</p></li><li><p>no power</p></li><li><p>surrenders in 1867// executed</p></li><li><p>blow to power of napoleon</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="a9547d5b-b275-459f-81fa-2c65a9c0787e" data-toc-id="a9547d5b-b275-459f-81fa-2c65a9c0787e" collapsed="false" seolevelmigrated="true">Foreign Policy: The Crimean War</h4><ul><li><p>1854-1856</p></li><li><p>wanted to free France from the Congress of Vienna settlements</p></li><li><p>wanted France to be the dominant European power (Goal)</p></li><li><p>the ottoman empire</p></li><li><p>The Ottoman Empire declined from the 17th century - on</p><ul><li><p>lost territory. to Austria, Russia</p></li><li><p>nationalism is growing</p><ul><li><p>greek revolt 1830</p></li><li><p>Serbia autonomous</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Authority dwindling (getting smaller)</p><ul><li><p>means the European powers are interested (more land)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>Russia</p><ul><li><p>(next to ottoman)</p></li><li><p>religious affiliation</p><ul><li><p>Russian Orthodox and Greek Orthodox = similar</p><ul><li><p>can influence area</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>other european powers dont like this</p><ul><li><p>all want a peice (ottoman land)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>war in the crimea</p></li><li><p>russia and ottoman go to war in 1853</p></li><li><p>russians demand right to protest christian shrines in palastine (ottoman land and france is overlooking atm)</p><ul><li><p>otooman refused, russians occupy// invade</p><ul><li><p>ottomans declare war</p><ul><li><p>march 1854 britian and france aldo declare war on russia</p></li></ul></li><li><p>why (france and britian)?- concerned over the balance of power</p><ul><li><p>britian - feared russia would profit from the otooman emipre, seize terrtory to make ruissia a major power</p></li><li><p>challaged britains naval control of eastern meddiatrranian</p><ul><li><p>economic concerns</p></li></ul></li><li><p>france - russia instluted them by wanting mroe power</p></li><li><p>russia had to fight alone</p><ul><li><p>no support from austria (known // assumed)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>battle of balaklava</p></li><li><p>britian and france attack russias crimean peninsula at balck sea</p><ul><li><p>many deaths</p></li></ul></li><li><p>sevastopol (russian fortress) falls in 1855</p><ul><li><p>tsar nicholas dies in 1855 tsar alexander II - new</p><ul><li><p>sues for peace</p><ul><li><p>led to treaty of paris 1856</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>treaty of paris 1856</p><ul><li><p>russia gives up land</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>neutrallity of black sea</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>moldavia and wallachia- under conroll by the 5 great powers ( austria, france, russia, britian, prussia)</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Changes from the war</p><ul><li><p>250k dead</p><ul><li><p>diseases (cholera)</p></li></ul></li><li><p>fram=nce, british, and ottomans side won// russia lost</p></li><li><p>effectivly disrtoyed the concert of europe and balance of power</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>austria and russia - now enimes, hate eachother..</p></li><li><p>russia now weak and embarrassed</p><ul><li><p>widthdraws from eurpoe affairs for 20 years</p></li></ul></li><li><p>britian pulls back</p></li><li><p>austria has no friends</p></li><li><p>now other countires can make changes</p></li></ul></li></ul><p>flournace nightingale - british nurse</p><ul><li><p>forced strict sanitary conditons - saving many lives</p></li><li><p>transforms nursing into a more trained profession</p></li></ul><h4 id="97d20fa6-b9fb-4623-b882-1780834f3be6" data-toc-id="97d20fa6-b9fb-4623-b882-1780834f3be6" collapsed="false" seolevelmigrated="true">itallian unification</h4><ul><li><p>nationalism rises</p></li><li><p>revolution of 1848</p><ul><li><p>popular nastionalist movements: demands for unifoed italy and freedom ausrtian rule</p></li><li><p>war in northern italy ends in defeat of republicans by austria</p><ul><li><p>only kingdom of piedmont retains a liberal constitution</p><ul><li><p>piedmont becomes center of italian hopes for unification</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>young italy - est. 1831 -</p><ul><li><p>giuseppe mazzinis nationalist society (mainly students)</p></li><li><p>pledged to make italy a united, free, indepenednt republican nation where everyman would be considered equal</p></li></ul></li><li><p>guiseppe garibaldi</p><ul><li><p>follower of mazzini</p><ul><li><p>embraced the republican nationalism of the younf italy movement</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>supported italian unification under a democratic republican government</p><ul><li><p>allied himslef with the monacharchist cavour</p><ul><li><p>cavour was ruler of piemont - sardina</p></li></ul></li><li><p>subordinated republican ideals to nationalist ones until italy was unified</p><ul><li><p>switched priorities for a min…</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>camillo cavour</p><ul><li><p>politicion prom piedmont</p></li><li><p>wanted to defend austria with frances help to unite italy</p></li><li><p>advocated for constitutional monarchy</p></li><li><p>become the prime minitster under king victor emmanual II</p><ul><li><p>like a president</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>war with austria</p><ul><li><p>cavour and napoeleon III (itallian and french) plot to provoke a war to weaken austria</p></li><li><p>itallians of piedmont defeat austrians, moving the austrians from northern italy</p></li><li><p>PLOT TWIST: france betrays italy and leaves lomardy under austrians conrol</p><ul><li><p>napoleon III fears a unified italy would upset the balance of power</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>unification and conflict</p><ul><li><p>vicotr emmanual II is named the king of italy in 1861</p><ul><li><p>garibaldi: itailian unification > republic</p></li></ul></li><li><p>parlament filled with corruption - compromismo</p></li><li><p>tenstion between industrial north and rual, poor southern italy</p></li><li><p>unification complete in 1866 venetia and 1870 rome becaome part of italy</p></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="a575c9ea-f5b8-484a-8ac4-e2874da7f302" data-toc-id="a575c9ea-f5b8-484a-8ac4-e2874da7f302" collapsed="false" seolevelmigrated="true">German unification (the more important unification)</h4><ul><li><p>pre 19th century - little concept of being “german”</p></li><li><p>HRE replaced with german confederation</p><ul><li><p>product of congress of vienna</p></li></ul></li><li><p>rise of nationalism and romanitcism</p><ul><li><p>used by politicions like bismark</p><ul><li><p>created a national identity and move towards unification</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>otto von bismark</p><ul><li><p>conservitive stateman and junker (nobility of prussia)</p></li><li><p>assosiated with “realpolitik” and “blood and iron”</p><ul><li><p>realpolitik- using politics to your advantage, doing what the people want (even if it is agianst your views)</p></li></ul></li><li><p>main priority - german unification</p></li><li><p>used nationalism to advantage</p><ul><li><p>outmaneuver the liberals of the parla ment by co-opting (supporting) liberal ideas</p><ul><li><p>such as welfare state to gian support for a i=unified germany</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>path to unification</p></li><li><p>the danish war (1864) - prussia allied with austria to defeat denmark</p><ul><li><p>took over // dived northern states</p></li></ul></li><li><p>asutro-prussian war (1866) - fought eachother and austria loss</p><ul><li><p>outcome - prussia was the dominant central european power</p></li><li><p>kleindestche (small germany) excludes austria from unification</p></li></ul></li><li><p>north germatic confederation</p><ul><li><p>formed in 1867, after austro-prussian are</p></li><li><p>establsihed a constitutional monarchy led by prussia</p></li><li><p>executive power in the president (hereditary head of the house of hohenzollern)</p><ul><li><p>assisted by a chanccelloe</p></li></ul></li><li><p>2 house legislature</p><ul><li><p>bundersrat - appointed by state government</p></li><li><p>reichstag - choosen by universal male sufferage</p></li></ul></li><li><p>replaced by the german empire 1871</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Franco-prussian war</p><ul><li><p>prussias victory over austria increased tention with france</p></li><li><p>france declres war on prussia when bismark made it look like wilhelm I of prussia insulted him in a telegram</p></li><li><p>prussia crushes france and captures napeoplen, annexed Alsace-lorrain and ends frances 3rd emipire</p></li><li><p>wilhelm proclimed pemeror of united germany</p></li></ul></li><li><p>the german empire</p><ul><li><p>led my kaiser wilhelm I</p></li><li><p>bismark attempted to create stablility and peace (balance of power) through his development of an allinece system</p><ul><li><p>bismarks system of allinece</p></li></ul></li><li><p>fought to limit the influence of the catholic church</p></li><li><p>appeal to luverals by creating a welfare system (government spinsered supports) and universal male sufferage</p><ul><li><p>realpoilitik</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>effects and significants</p><ul><li><p>upsets the balance of power created the 2 nwe european powers</p><ul><li><p>italy and germany</p></li></ul></li><li><p>germany emerges as an economic powerhouse and rapidly industrializes</p></li><li><p>the raise of germany and (lesser) italy will increase insternaional competition</p><ul><li><p>increases the desire ot colonize</p><ul><li><p>imperialization</p></li></ul></li><li><p>lead ot the development of the allience system, will set off ww1</p><ul><li><p>bismarks system</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="23a308a1-583e-42cb-9a98-bae542407831" data-toc-id="23a308a1-583e-42cb-9a98-bae542407831" collapsed="false" seolevelmigrated="true">nation building and reform: the national state in midcentury</h4><ul><li><p>othe states undergoing transformation at the time</p><ul><li><p>war, civil war, changing politcal alignments</p></li></ul></li><li><p>the austrial empire: toward a dual monarchy</p></li><li><p>habsburgs centuralized autocratic government</p><ul><li><p>crushed revolutions is 1848</p></li><li><p>outcome of 1848 revolutions - freedom for the serfs and labor services</p></li><li><p>industrailizationn speeds up after the 1850s</p><ul><li><p>bring major ecom=nomic and socail chamge</p></li><li><p>changes: development of an urban proletarint, labor unrest, and new indurstial middle class</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>1851 - revolutionary constitutions abolished</p><ul><li><p>centralized autocrats resumes alexander von bach (conservitive)</p></li><li><p>hungary subject to rule of miliatary officers</p></li><li><p>catholic church made state church</p></li><li><p>controlled education</p></li></ul></li><li><p>austria defeat in itallian war 1859 - emperor fansis joseph tries to creat an impartail parlament</p><ul><li><p>parlament controled by crown</p><ul><li><p>with some eleced</p></li></ul></li><li><p>supposed to lead to more representaion bu favored german officals</p><ul><li><p>ethinc minorities with little say</p></li><li><p>esp the hungarians (conflict brewing)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>ausgleich 1867</p></li><li><p>austro prussain war - need to deal with nationaslistic hungarians</p></li><li><p>cause and effect</p><ul><li><p>results - ausgleich</p><ul><li><p>compromise 1867</p></li><li><p>created dual monarchy of austria and hungary</p></li></ul></li><li><p>each part now has a cahnge</p><ul><li><p>constitution</p></li><li><p>own bicameraral legislature</p></li><li><p>own government for domestic affairs</p></li><li><p>own capital</p><ul><li><p>vienna, budapest</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>single monarch francis joseph is holding them together</p><ul><li><p>cmmon army</p></li><li><p>foriegn policy</p></li><li><p>finances</p></li></ul></li><li><p>however this compromise does not consider the other many natioalities in the reigon</p><ul><li><p>poles, craots, czechs, serbs, slovaks, etc</p></li><li><p>problem will exist until the end of ww1 (when emipre breaks down)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="bc6850a9-51a0-4505-a6c1-05d59ea8315d" data-toc-id="bc6850a9-51a0-4505-a6c1-05d59ea8315d" collapsed="false" seolevelmigrated="true">imperial russia</h4><ul><li><p>russia defeat in crimean war shoed deficancies in absolute power and how far behind they are</p><ul><li><p>compared to western powers</p></li><li><p>tsar alexander II foucused on over hauling russian system</p></li></ul></li><li><p>serfdom was the biggest problem</p><ul><li><p>corrupt and failing system</p></li><li><p>russian landowners could not compete with forigen production</p></li><li><p>serfs uneducated and unable to deal with more complex machines and weapons</p></li><li><p>peasents dissatisfaction led to local revolts</p></li></ul></li><li><p>abolition of serfdom</p></li><li><p>emancipation edict</p><ul><li><p>peasents can now</p><ul><li><p>own property</p></li><li><p>marry who they want</p></li><li><p>sue people</p></li></ul></li><li><p>still limited benifits</p><ul><li><p>got the worst of the land</p></li><li><p>hard to make useful</p></li><li><p>peasent pop rising led to hardships</p></li></ul></li><li><p>peasants still not completely free</p><ul><li><p>state gave landowners for peasent land

      • peasents need to repay

    • village communes (authority) still keep peasents in order and restricted

  • other reforms

    • zemstovs

      • local assembles// governmant

      • representative eleceted property owners had an advantage

      • limited power

        • provied public services, levy tax

        • dont have a ton to say

    • legal reform 1864

      • equality before the law

    • russias many reform movements 1870:

      • liberals vs conservitives

    • populism - ideology that emphasizes the poepl against the eleites

      • belif: russian peasents as the chief instrament for social reform

      • populism amis to create a new society through revolutionary acts of the peasents

      • violent revolts did break out

    • peoples will

      • radicals anti tsar

      • assassinates alexander II 1881

      • son tsar alexander III comes in

        • anti reform

        • back to tradition

    • great britian: the victorian age

    • no revolts in 1848

      • relativly stable

      • reform act 1832

      • parlament continues to make good reforms to keep britian stable and prosperous 

    • whys so stable? - continued economic growth </p><ul><li><p>middleclassproserity</p></li><li><p>someimprovementsforthewrokingclass</p><ul><li><p>wadgesincrease</p></li></ul></li><li><p>natioalpridequeenvictoria</p></li><li><p>somepolitcalinstabliloty</p><ul><li><p>aristrocratsanduppermiddleclassdominateparlament</p></li><li><p>someinernalconflict,henryjonhtemple,lordpalmerson</p></li><li><p>primeminister</p></li><li><p>notreformminded</p><ul><li><p>whig−liberal</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>disraeliandtehreformactof1867</p></li><li><p>palmersondiedin1865</p><ul><li><p>tories(conservitives)passreformact1867</p></li><li><p>steptowardsdemocratization</p></li><li><p>loweredmanertaryrequirmentsforvoting</p><ul><li><p>voters1mil»2mil</p></li></ul></li><li><p>endsupbenifittingliberals</p></li><li><p>forcesbothpartiestoorginizeforwins</p><ul><li><p>politicsasmorepartofdailylife</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>liberalpoliciesofgladstone</p></li></ul><p>williamgladstone</p><ul><li><p>newpm</p></li><li><p>liberal</p><ul><li><p>lostsofreforms</p></li></ul></li><li><p>opencivilservice</p></li><li><p>educationact1870−tryandhaveelementryeducationforall</p><ul><li><p>politicak/social</p></li></ul></li><li><p>overallgoal−strengthennationandinstitutions</p></li></ul><h4id="ad634b92−af1d−4051−9da8−727f26f2a8ae"data−toc−id="ad634b92−af1d−4051−9da8−727f26f2a8ae"collapsed="false"seolevelmigrated="true">unitedstaesslavaryandwar</h4><ul><li><p>issueofslaverythreatingnationalunity</p></li><li><p>north:antislavery</p></li><li><p>south:proslavery</p></li><li><p>differncealsoineconomicdevelopment</p><ul><li><p>north:indusrtial</p></li><li><p>south:rual,farming,cotton,cashcrops</p><ul><li><p>dependedonslavelabor</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>1850s:presidentandrewjeckson</p><ul><li><p>issuesofslaverycausedasplit</p></li><li><p>kansasnabraskaact1854−proorantislavesisuptothestate</p></li><li><p>moreissues−lesslikelytohaveacompromise</p></li><li><p>lincolnpresident1860</p></li><li><p>statessecedefrom1860−1861</p></li></ul></li><li><p>thecivilwar</p><ul><li><p>1861−1865</p></li><li><p>verybloody</p><ul><li><p>600kdead</p><ul><li><p>battleinfections</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>effectspopandopion</p><ul><li><p>north−moreantislavery</p></li></ul></li><li><p>emancipationproclaimationmakesslavescouthfree</p></li><li><p>union(north)wins1865(civilwar)</p></li><li><p>theemergenceofacanadiannation</p><ul><li><p>treatyofparis1763−canadaisnowbritishterretory</p></li><li><p>englsihadnfremchspeaking</p></li></ul></li><li><p>1837−rebelagainstbritishgovernment</p></li></ul><p>turingingpoint−americancw</p><ul><li><p>britiangaveintocanadianscommands//demands</p><ul><li><p>getsownnationconstitutionetc…</p></li><li><p>foreignaffairsstillcontrolledbybritish</p></li></ul></li></ul><h4id="50281e60−8971−47bb−a86b−1c000c311b0a"data−toc−id="50281e60−8971−47bb−a86b−1c000c311b0a"collapsed="false"seolevelmigrated="true">industrializationandthemarxistresponse</h4><ul><li><p>1850−1870—continentalindustrilization</p></li><li><p>ageofconsiderableeconomicprosperity</p></li><li><p>industiralizationfueledbyrailroads</p></li><li><p>continentalironindustry</p><ul><li><p>changeformironsmellingtocokeblastsmelling</p></li></ul></li><li><p>expandingmarkets−eliminatingbarriorstointernationaltrade</p><ul><li><p>causeandeffects</p></li><li><p>tradetreaties−reduce//eliminateprotectivetariffsinmuchofwesterneurope</p></li><li><p>moreopentotradingandaccesstowaterwaysetc</p></li><li><p>governmentaid−encouragingjoint−stcokinvestment</p><ul><li><p>usedcapitol</p><ul><li><p>middle class proserity</p></li><li><p>some improvements for the wroking class</p><ul><li><p>wadges increase</p></li></ul></li><li><p>natioal pride queen victoria</p></li><li><p>some politcal instabliloty</p><ul><li><p>aristrocrats and upper middle class dominate parlament</p></li><li><p>some inernal conflict, henry jonh temple, lord palmerson</p></li><li><p>prime minister</p></li><li><p>not reform minded</p><ul><li><p>whig - liberal</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>disraeli and teh reform act of 1867</p></li><li><p>palmerson died in 1865</p><ul><li><p>tories (conservitives) pass reform act 1867</p></li><li><p>step towards democratization</p></li><li><p>lowered manertary requirments for voting</p><ul><li><p>voters 1 mil» 2 mil</p></li></ul></li><li><p>ends up benifitting liberals</p></li><li><p>forces both parties to orginize for wins</p><ul><li><p>politics as more part of daily life</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>liberal policies of gladstone</p></li></ul><p>william gladstone</p><ul><li><p>new pm</p></li><li><p>liberal</p><ul><li><p>losts of reforms</p></li></ul></li><li><p>open civil service</p></li><li><p>education act 1870 - try and have elementry education for all</p><ul><li><p>politicak/ social</p></li></ul></li><li><p>overall goal - strengthen nation and institutions</p></li></ul><h4 id="ad634b92-af1d-4051-9da8-727f26f2a8ae" data-toc-id="ad634b92-af1d-4051-9da8-727f26f2a8ae" collapsed="false" seolevelmigrated="true">united staes slavary and war</h4><ul><li><p>issue of slavery threating national unity</p></li><li><p>north: anti slavery</p></li><li><p>south: pro slavery</p></li><li><p>differnce also in economic development</p><ul><li><p>north : indusrtial</p></li><li><p>south : rual, farming, cotton, cash crops</p><ul><li><p>depended on slave labor</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>1850s: president andrew jeckson</p><ul><li><p>issues of slavery caused a split</p></li><li><p>kansas nabraska act 1854 - pro or anti slaves is up to the state</p></li><li><p>more issues - less likely to have a compromise</p></li><li><p>lincoln president 1860</p></li><li><p>states secede from 1860-1861</p></li></ul></li><li><p>the civil war</p><ul><li><p>1861- 1865</p></li><li><p>very bloody</p><ul><li><p>600k dead</p><ul><li><p>battle infections</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>effects pop and opion</p><ul><li><p>north - more anti slavery</p></li></ul></li><li><p>emancipation proclaimation makes slaves couth free</p></li><li><p>union (north) wins 1865 (civil war)</p></li><li><p>the emergence of a canadian nation</p><ul><li><p>treaty of paris 1763 - canada is now british terretory</p></li><li><p>englsiha dn fremch speaking</p></li></ul></li><li><p>1837 - rebel against british government</p></li></ul><p>turinging point - american cw</p><ul><li><p>britian gave into canadians commands// demands</p><ul><li><p>gets own nation constitution etc…</p></li><li><p>foreign affairs still controlled by british</p></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="50281e60-8971-47bb-a86b-1c000c311b0a" data-toc-id="50281e60-8971-47bb-a86b-1c000c311b0a" collapsed="false" seolevelmigrated="true">industrialization and the marxist response</h4><ul><li><p>1850 - 1870 — continental industrilization</p></li><li><p>age of considerable economic prosperity</p></li><li><p>industiralization fueled by rail roads</p></li><li><p>continental iron industry</p><ul><li><p>change form iron smelling to coke blast smelling</p></li></ul></li><li><p>expanding markets- eliminating barriors to international trade</p><ul><li><p>cause and effects</p></li><li><p>trade treaties - reduce // eliminate protective tariffs in much of western europe</p></li><li><p>more open to trading and access to waterways etc</p></li><li><p>government aid - encouraging joint-stcok investment</p><ul><li><p>used capitol for investmenst

    • aloows for railroad construction, factories, etc

      • key for industrialization

  • factory owners

    • trade unions form to fight for better conditions and wadges

    • real change - socialist parties and unions

      • marx

  • marx and marxism '

    • the communist manifesto 1848

    • 1847 - join german socialist

      • advocate of radical working class movement

      • rousing working class to action

  • ideas // points of communiest manifesto

    • hisory of class struggle

    • oppressed and opressor have alwaysed been in conflict

    • bourgeois v proletariat

      • bourheois own and control means of production

      • proletariats working class do not own means of production, sell thier labor to bour

    • government of the staes reflects the middlle clas and alies

      • dont care ab the working classs

    • struggle will rsult in workers overthrowing thier bourgeois masters

    • thenworkign class will form a government to recognize means of production

  • orginizing the working class

    • socailism transforms into national socailist parties

      • eventual outcome

      • marxs idea of communism never fully reached anywhere

    • science and culture in an age of reason

    • 1850 -1870 : 2 major intellectual developments

      • growth of scientific knowlage

      • shift from romanticism to realism

      • now taking a more rational approach to the study of the natural world

      • no longer rooted from religon

      • stll mainly beiniftted the elites

      • fed intrest in basic scientific reasreach- more practical

      • increase in material gains generated by scinece and tech led to growing faith in the benifits of science

      • widespread acceptance of scientific method

      • increase in secularization

      • outcome: belif that everything mental, sprititual, or ideal is the result of physical forces (theory of evolution)

    • charles darwin and the theory of orgainsic evolution

      • embraced the idea that amianls evolve over time in response to thier enviorment … natural slecetion

    • the theory of evolution

      • all plants and amimals have evolved over a long periodof time

      • makes humans ordinary

      • eliminates the purpose and design form the universe

      • used to justify//prove european and whicte surperiority and dominace

    revolution of health care

    • begains in paris

    • pasteur, koch, and germs

      • discovery of microorgianisms as an agent of disease

    • 1863 - pasteurization

      • heating products to dystroy organism, causing spoilage

    • vaccinations for more using his theory

    • robert koch

      • german doctor

      • came up with the scientific method

      • identified many dieasese

    • impact of bacteriology rational - treating and preventing infectious diesease - transforms medical world 

    • new sergical practices

      • antiseptic principle - bacteria + wounds = not good

      • disinefectant 

    • new public health measure

      • 1840s- 1850s cholora happend and with that we learned

      • hygine as prevention

        • clean water

        • sewage diposal

        • less crowded housing

      • preventative measures

        • pasteurizing milk

        • pure water

        • immunization 

    • new medical schools

      • widespread in the western world

      • easy to get a degree

      • but becomes more rigerous and standerdized

    • women in medical school

      • generally not allowed

    • science and the study of society

      • natural flow

      • auguste comte

        • system of postitive philospphy

        • system of positive knowlage

        • math as foundation

          • top is soscilogy

          • task was to discover general laws of society

    • realism in lituralture

      • belif that the world should be viewed realsitcally

      • genral attempt to depict subjects thruthfully in differnt forms of art

      • deliberate rejection of romanticism

      • just ordinary charicaters and accuarate descriptions

    • realism in art

      • depicting everyday life of ordinary poeple

    • courbet

      • famous

      • factory workers, peasents, and wives

      • the stonebreakers

    • millet

      • science from rual life

      • some aspects of romanticsm

      • the gleaners

    • music : the twilight of romantiscm

      • emotional content

      • expressing ideas

      • romatinc with more ordered music

        • rise of opera and avant-grade music