cosios chapter 22 notes

• 1850: New generation of conservative leaders

Louis Napoleon: towards the second empire

• Elected as president in 1848

  • wanted lots of power (more)

• won the support of the French

  • Seized the government when they didn’t want him to get reelected/ rerun in 1851

• restored universal male suffrage and “forced” the people to vote for him.

  • restored the empire in 1852

  • became Napoleon III

    • The second empire begins …

the second Napoleonic emipre

• authoritarian government

  • controlled armed forces, police, and government

• Only he could pass laws and declare war

  • legislative corporation- an appearance of a representative government

  • but ultimately, they have no power

• Early domestic policies:

• The first 5 years were a success

  • worldwide economic prosperity

  • used government resources to stimulate the economy and foster industrialization

    • railroads, harbors, road canals

  • Provided hospitals and free medicine for workers

  • advocated for better working-class housing

• Paris reconstruction:

• modernization

  • broad streets, spacious buildings, and public squares

• underground sewage

• public water supply

• gas lights

• All the extra space makes it easier for troops to put down any revolts

• liberalization of the regime

• liberalizes regime in 1860s in response to opposition

  • cause and effects

  • legalized trade unions

  • right to strike

  • liberalize political process

    • more say, debate, etc

• Foreign policy: The Mexican adventure

• Not as great at foreign policy

• tried to colonize Mexico

  • wanted to dominate Mexican markets ()

  • installed Archduke Maximilian as emperor of Mexico

    • had no army

    • no power

    • surrenders in 1867// executed

    • blow to power of napoleon

Foreign Policy: The Crimean War

• 1854-1856

• wanted to free France from the Congress of Vienna settlements

• wanted France to be the dominant European power (Goal)

• the ottoman empire

• The Ottoman Empire declined from the 17th century - on

  • lost territory. to Austria, Russia

  • nationalism is growing

    • greek revolt 1830

    • Serbia autonomous

  • Authority dwindling (getting smaller)

    • means the European powers are interested (more land)

• Russia

  • (next to ottoman)

  • religious affiliation

    • Russian Orthodox and Greek Orthodox = similar

      • can influence area

  • other european powers dont like this

    • all want a peice (ottoman land)

• war in the crimea

• russia and ottoman go to war in 1853

• russians demand right to protest christian shrines in palastine (ottoman land and france is overlooking atm)

  • otooman refused, russians occupy// invade

    • ottomans declare war

      • march 1854 britian and france aldo declare war on russia

    • why (france and britian)?- concerned over the balance of power

      • britian - feared russia would profit from the otooman emipre, seize terrtory to make ruissia a major power

      • challaged britains naval control of eastern meddiatrranian

        • economic concerns

      • france - russia instluted them by wanting mroe power

      • russia had to fight alone

        • no support from austria (known // assumed)

• battle of balaklava

• britian and france attack russias crimean peninsula at balck sea

  • many deaths

• sevastopol (russian fortress) falls in 1855

  • tsar nicholas dies in 1855 tsar alexander II - new

    • sues for peace

      • led to treaty of paris 1856

• treaty of paris 1856

  • russia gives up land

  • neutrallity of black sea

  • moldavia and wallachia- under conroll by the 5 great powers ( austria, france, russia, britian, prussia)

• Changes from the war

  • 250k dead

    • diseases (cholera)

  • fram=nce, british, and ottomans side won// russia lost

  • effectivly disrtoyed the concert of europe and balance of power

  • austria and russia - now enimes, hate eachother..

  • russia now weak and embarrassed

    • widthdraws from eurpoe affairs for 20 years

  • britian pulls back

  • austria has no friends

  • now other countires can make changes

flournace nightingale - british nurse

• forced strict sanitary conditons - saving many lives

• transforms nursing into a more trained profession

itallian unification

• nationalism rises

• revolution of 1848

  • popular nastionalist movements: demands for unifoed italy and freedom ausrtian rule

  • war in northern italy ends in defeat of republicans by austria

    • only kingdom of piedmont retains a liberal constitution

      • piedmont becomes center of italian hopes for unification

• young italy - est. 1831 -

  • giuseppe mazzinis nationalist society (mainly students)

  • pledged to make italy a united, free, indepenednt republican nation where everyman would be considered equal

• guiseppe garibaldi

  • follower of mazzini

    • embraced the republican nationalism of the younf italy movement

• supported italian unification under a democratic republican government

  • allied himslef with the monacharchist cavour

    • cavour was ruler of piemont - sardina

  • subordinated republican ideals to nationalist ones until italy was unified

    • switched priorities for a min…

• camillo cavour

  • politicion prom piedmont

  • wanted to defend austria with frances help to unite italy

  • advocated for constitutional monarchy

  • become the prime minitster under king victor emmanual II

    • like a president

• war with austria

  • cavour and napoeleon III (itallian and french) plot to provoke a war to weaken austria

  • itallians of piedmont defeat austrians, moving the austrians from northern italy

  • PLOT TWIST: france betrays italy and leaves lomardy under austrians conrol

    • napoleon III fears a unified italy would upset the balance of power

• unification and conflict

  • vicotr emmanual II is named the king of italy in 1861

    • garibaldi: itailian unification > republic

  • parlament filled with corruption - compromismo

  • tenstion between industrial north and rual, poor southern italy

  • unification complete in 1866 venetia and 1870 rome becaome part of italy

German unification (the more important unification)

• pre 19th century - little concept of being “german”

• HRE replaced with german confederation

  • product of congress of vienna

• rise of nationalism and romanitcism

  • used by politicions like bismark

    • created a national identity and move towards unification

• otto von bismark

  • conservitive stateman and junker (nobility of prussia)

  • assosiated with “realpolitik” and “blood and iron”

    • realpolitik- using politics to your advantage, doing what the people want (even if it is agianst your views)

  • main priority - german unification

  • used nationalism to advantage

    • outmaneuver the liberals of the parla ment by co-opting (supporting) liberal ideas

      • such as welfare state to gian support for a i=unified germany

• path to unification

• the danish war (1864) - prussia allied with austria to defeat denmark

  • took over // dived northern states

• asutro-prussian war (1866) - fought eachother and austria loss

  • outcome - prussia was the dominant central european power

  • kleindestche (small germany) excludes austria from unification

• north germatic confederation

  • formed in 1867, after austro-prussian are

  • establsihed a constitutional monarchy led by prussia

  • executive power in the president (hereditary head of the house of hohenzollern)

    • assisted by a chanccelloe

  • 2 house legislature

    • bundersrat - appointed by state government

    • reichstag - choosen by universal male sufferage

  • replaced by the german empire 1871

• Franco-prussian war

  • prussias victory over austria increased tention with france

  • france declres war on prussia when bismark made it look like wilhelm I of prussia insulted him in a telegram

  • prussia crushes france and captures napeoplen, annexed Alsace-lorrain and ends frances 3rd emipire

  • wilhelm proclimed pemeror of united germany

• the german empire

  • led my kaiser wilhelm I

  • bismark attempted to create stablility and peace (balance of power) through his development of an allinece system

    • bismarks system of allinece

  • fought to limit the influence of the catholic church

  • appeal to luverals by creating a welfare system (government spinsered supports) and universal male sufferage

    • realpoilitik

• effects and significants

  • upsets the balance of power created the 2 nwe european powers

    • italy and germany

  • germany emerges as an economic powerhouse and rapidly industrializes

  • the raise of germany and (lesser) italy will increase insternaional competition

    • increases the desire ot colonize

      • imperialization

    • lead ot the development of the allience system, will set off ww1

      • bismarks system

nation building and reform: the national state in midcentury

• othe states undergoing transformation at the time

  • war, civil war, changing politcal alignments

• the austrial empire: toward a dual monarchy

• habsburgs centuralized autocratic government

  • crushed revolutions is 1848

  • outcome of 1848 revolutions - freedom for the serfs and labor services

  • industrailizationn speeds up after the 1850s

    • bring major ecom=nomic and socail chamge

    • changes: development of an urban proletarint, labor unrest, and new indurstial middle class

• 1851 - revolutionary constitutions abolished

  • centralized autocrats resumes alexander von bach (conservitive)

  • hungary subject to rule of miliatary officers

  • catholic church made state church

  • controlled education

• austria defeat in itallian war 1859 - emperor fansis joseph tries to creat an impartail parlament

  • parlament controled by crown

    • with some eleced

  • supposed to lead to more representaion bu favored german officals

    • ethinc minorities with little say

    • esp the hungarians (conflict brewing)

• ausgleich 1867

• austro prussain war - need to deal with nationaslistic hungarians

• cause and effect

  • results - ausgleich

    • compromise 1867

    • created dual monarchy of austria and hungary

  • each part now has a cahnge

    • constitution

    • own bicameraral legislature

    • own government for domestic affairs

    • own capital

      • vienna, budapest

  • single monarch francis joseph is holding them together

    • cmmon army

    • foriegn policy

    • finances

  • however this compromise does not consider the other many natioalities in the reigon

    • poles, craots, czechs, serbs, slovaks, etc

    • problem will exist until the end of ww1 (when emipre breaks down)

imperial russia

• russia defeat in crimean war shoed deficancies in absolute power and how far behind they are

  • compared to western powers

  • tsar alexander II foucused on over hauling russian system

• serfdom was the biggest problem

  • corrupt and failing system

  • russian landowners could not compete with forigen production

  • serfs uneducated and unable to deal with more complex machines and weapons

  • peasents dissatisfaction led to local revolts

• abolition of serfdom

• emancipation edict

  • peasents can now

    • own property

    • marry who they want

    • sue people

  • still limited benifits

    • got the worst of the land

    • hard to make useful

    • peasent pop rising led to hardships

  • peasants still not completely free

    • state gave landowners for peasent land

      • peasents need to repay

    • village communes (authority) still keep peasents in order and restricted

• other reforms

  • zemstovs

    • local assembles// governmant

    • representative eleceted property owners had an advantage

    • limited power

      • provied public services, levy tax

      • dont have a ton to say

  • legal reform 1864

    • equality before the law

  • russias many reform movements 1870:

    • liberals vs conservitives

  • populism - ideology that emphasizes the poepl against the eleites

    • belif: russian peasents as the chief instrament for social reform

    • populism amis to create a new society through revolutionary acts of the peasents

    • violent revolts did break out

  • peoples will

    • radicals anti tsar

    • assassinates alexander II 1881

    • son tsar alexander III comes in

      • anti reform

      • back to tradition

great britian: the victorian age

• no revolts in 1848

  • relativly stable

  • reform act 1832

  • parlament continues to make good reforms to keep britian stable and prosperous 

• whys so stable? - continued economic growth $</p><ul><li><p>middle class proserity</p></li><li><p>some improvements for the wroking class</p><ul><li><p>wadges increase</p></li></ul></li><li><p>natioal pride queen victoria</p></li><li><p>some politcal instabliloty</p><ul><li><p>aristrocrats and upper middle class dominate parlament</p></li><li><p>some inernal conflict, henry jonh temple, lord palmerson</p></li><li><p>prime minister</p></li><li><p>not reform minded</p><ul><li><p>whig - liberal</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>disraeli and teh reform act of 1867</p></li><li><p>palmerson died in 1865</p><ul><li><p>tories (conservitives) pass reform act 1867</p></li><li><p>step towards democratization</p></li><li><p>lowered manertary requirments for voting</p><ul><li><p>voters 1 mil» 2 mil</p></li></ul></li><li><p>ends up benifitting liberals</p></li><li><p>forces both parties to orginize for wins</p><ul><li><p>politics as more part of daily life</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>liberal policies of gladstone</p></li></ul><p>william gladstone</p><ul><li><p>new pm</p></li><li><p>liberal</p><ul><li><p>losts of reforms</p></li></ul></li><li><p>open civil service</p></li><li><p>education act 1870 - try and have elementry education for all</p><ul><li><p>politicak/ social</p></li></ul></li><li><p>overall goal - strengthen nation and institutions</p></li></ul><h4 id="ad634b92-af1d-4051-9da8-727f26f2a8ae" data-toc-id="ad634b92-af1d-4051-9da8-727f26f2a8ae" collapsed="false" seolevelmigrated="true">united staes slavary and war</h4><ul><li><p>issue of slavery threating national unity</p></li><li><p>north: anti slavery</p></li><li><p>south: pro slavery</p></li><li><p>differnce also in economic development</p><ul><li><p>north : indusrtial</p></li><li><p>south : rual, farming, cotton, cash crops</p><ul><li><p>depended on slave labor</p></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>1850s: president andrew jeckson</p><ul><li><p>issues of slavery caused a split</p></li><li><p>kansas nabraska act 1854 - pro or anti slaves is up to the state</p></li><li><p>more issues - less likely to have a compromise</p></li><li><p>lincoln president 1860</p></li><li><p>states secede from 1860-1861</p></li></ul></li><li><p>the civil war</p><ul><li><p>1861- 1865</p></li><li><p>very bloody</p><ul><li><p>600k dead</p><ul><li><p>battle infections</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>effects pop and opion</p><ul><li><p>north - more anti slavery</p></li></ul></li><li><p>emancipation proclaimation makes slaves couth free</p></li><li><p>union (north) wins 1865 (civil war)</p></li><li><p>the emergence of a canadian nation</p><ul><li><p>treaty of paris 1763 - canada is now british terretory</p></li><li><p>englsiha dn fremch speaking</p></li></ul></li><li><p>1837 - rebel against british government</p></li></ul><p>turinging point - american cw</p><ul><li><p>britian gave into canadians commands// demands</p><ul><li><p>gets own nation constitution etc…</p></li><li><p>foreign affairs still controlled by british</p></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="50281e60-8971-47bb-a86b-1c000c311b0a" data-toc-id="50281e60-8971-47bb-a86b-1c000c311b0a" collapsed="false" seolevelmigrated="true">industrialization and the marxist response</h4><ul><li><p>1850 - 1870 — continental industrilization</p></li><li><p>age of considerable economic prosperity</p></li><li><p>industiralization fueled by rail roads</p></li><li><p>continental iron industry</p><ul><li><p>change form iron smelling to coke blast smelling</p></li></ul></li><li><p>expanding markets- eliminating barriors to international trade</p><ul><li><p>cause and effects</p></li><li><p>trade treaties - reduce // eliminate protective tariffs in much of western europe</p></li><li><p>more open to trading and access to waterways etc</p></li><li><p>government aid - encouraging joint-stcok investment</p><ul><li><p>used capitol$ for investmenst

• aloows for railroad construction, factories, etc

  • key for industrialization

science and culture in an age of reason

• 1850 -1870 : 2 major intellectual developments

  • growth of scientific knowlage

  • shift from romanticism to realism

  • now taking a more rational approach to the study of the natural world

  • no longer rooted from religon

  • stll mainly beiniftted the elites

  • fed intrest in basic scientific reasreach- more practical

  • increase in material gains generated by scinece and tech led to growing faith in the benifits of science

  • widespread acceptance of scientific method

  • increase in secularization

  • outcome: belif that everything mental, sprititual, or ideal is the result of physical forces (theory of evolution)

• charles darwin and the theory of orgainsic evolution

  • embraced the idea that amianls evolve over time in response to thier enviorment … natural slecetion

• the theory of evolution

  • all plants and amimals have evolved over a long periodof time

  • makes humans ordinary

  • eliminates the purpose and design form the universe

  • used to justify//prove european and whicte surperiority and dominace

revolution of health care

• begains in paris

• pasteur, koch, and germs

  • discovery of microorgianisms as an agent of disease

• 1863 - pasteurization

  • heating products to dystroy organism, causing spoilage

• vaccinations for more using his theory

• robert koch

  • german doctor

  • came up with the scientific method

  • identified many dieasese

• impact of bacteriology rational - treating and preventing infectious diesease - transforms medical world 

• new sergical practices

  • antiseptic principle - bacteria + wounds = not good

  • disinefectant 

• new public health measure

  • 1840s- 1850s cholora happend and with that we learned

  • hygine as prevention

    • clean water

    • sewage diposal

    • less crowded housing

  • preventative measures

    • pasteurizing milk

    • pure water

    • immunization 

• new medical schools

  • widespread in the western world

  • easy to get a degree

  • but becomes more rigerous and standerdized

• women in medical school

  • generally not allowed

• science and the study of society

  • natural flow

  • auguste comte

    • system of postitive philospphy

    • system of positive knowlage

    • math as foundation

      • top is soscilogy

      • task was to discover general laws of society

• realism in lituralture

  • belif that the world should be viewed realsitcally

  • genral attempt to depict subjects thruthfully in differnt forms of art

  • deliberate rejection of romanticism

  • just ordinary charicaters and accuarate descriptions

• realism in art

  • depicting everyday life of ordinary poeple

• courbet

  • famous

  • factory workers, peasents, and wives

  • the stonebreakers

• millet

  • science from rual life

  • some aspects of romanticsm

  • the gleaners

• music : the twilight of romantiscm

  • emotional content

  • expressing ideas

  • romatinc with more ordered music

    • rise of opera and avant-grade music