Plant and Fungi Exam Review

Quiz corrections

Explain/Name shared characteristics between plant + fungi

• Both reproduce sexually and asexually

• Are stationary

• Cells with a nucleus enclosed in the membranes

• Have Cell walls

Explain/Name characteristics that differ between plant + fungi

• Plant cell walls are made of cellulose, fungi are made of chitin

• Fungi are heterotrophs, and plants are autotrophs

• Fungi have a network of tubes with tiny holes in them called conidia

• Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants

Name one important difference between fungi and plants

• Fruiting Bodies in fungi are different from plants that are able to produce fruit. The concept of a fruiting body for a fungus instead relates to the appearance of fungi having a stem and capped top. Plants that can bear fruit are called angiosperms.

Concisely explain two advantages that the terrestrial environment provided for first land plants

Advantage 1: Sunlight abundance = more readily available and bright unfiltered sunlight

Advantage 2: Plentiful CO2 and soil minerals = CO2 is more readily available in the air than in water, and soil minerals are essential for plant growth.

Which evolved first, fungi or land plants?

Fungi

What is the age estimate for fungi and land plants?

Fungi: ~1,300 MYA

Land Plants: ~500 MYA

What are two major structural adaptations of land plants?

1: Alternation of generations, provided a lifecycle with sporophyte the produces spores and a gametophyte that produces gametes.

2: Apical meristem tissue: involved in growth and found in roots and shoots.

What are the 4 major fungal phyla?

Chytridiomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Glomeromycota

What are all 200 species of Glomeromycota involved in?

symbioses with plants

What fungi is the sac-fungi

Ascomycota

Ascomycota are typified by the production of what?

Ascus or a sac-like structure containing spores

What fungi produce mushrooms?

Basidiomycota

What trait do Chytridiomycota have that led to them being most similar to ancestral fungi, and the only fungi that possess this trait?

A singular Flagellum

Chytridiomycota

Organisms in this phylum are characterized by the production of motile zoospores; these fungi are commonly parasitic and/or decomposers of organic matter in aquatic environments.

Ascomycota

The most species-rich phylum; meiospores are enclosed inside the fruiting body in these fungi.

Glomeromycota

No sexually-reproducing members of this phylum have been discovered; its fungi produce relatively large spores.

Basidiomycota

Known for forming large fruiting bodies with meiospores housed externally in club-shaped structures.

Anatomical/ Reproductive feature that is common in Dikarya

• It’s a fungal cell/ mycelium that contains two genetically distinct but unfused nuclei

• Occurs after plasmogamy and before karyogamy

• Fruitification of sexual morphs:
  Formation of specialized fruiting structures
  

Common name for a bryophyte

Moss

Common name for a seedless vascular plant

Ferns

Common name for a gymnosperm

Conifers

Common name for a angiosperm

Apple trees

How are Gymnosperms distinguished?

Has naked seeds exposed in cones

How are Angiosperms distinguished?

Have seeds enclosed in a fruit

First vascular plalnts; produce microphylls

lycophytes

Have a dominant gametophyte generation

Bryophytes

Make flowers and seeds

Angiosperms

A pine tree and a ginko are plants in this group

Gymnosperms

Have spore-based reproduction and vascular tissue:

Monilophytes

Two major organ systems of vascular plants

1. shoot system (leaves, stems, flowers and fruits)

2. Root system

3 major differentiated types of tissue in a vascular plant

1. dermal

2. vascular

3. ground tissue

Name the most common plant cell type

parenchyma cells

The major tissue systems in plants are dermal, parenchyma, and ground tissue, and all three are found in roots, stems, and leaves.

False, dermal, vascular, and ground tissue are the three major tissue systems

All plant cells have chloroplasts, but only some plant cells contain a primary cell wall.

False: Chloroplasts are not in each cell, only in ones that receive sunlight.

In a single plant cell, vacuole volume has been estimated to be as little as 25% of the total cell volume and as much as 90% of the total cell volume.

True

In both roots and shoots, vascular tissue forms a central cylinder called a stele

True

Primary vs Secondary growth

Primary - adds length to the platn stem and cells are able to undergo cell division

secondary - adds girth to stem and unable to undergo constant cell division

Accurately describe a key feature of primary growth in roots

Occurs at the root tip, where apical meristem cells divide to produce the root cap and elongate cells.

In a cross-section of an herbaceous dicot stem, vascular bundles are arranged in a ring. Accurately describe the vascular bundles.

Embedded within ground tissue and contain xylem, phloem, and a layer of vascular cambium.

Distinguishing feature of palisade mesophyll from the spongy mesophyll in a typical dicot leaf

Palisade mesophyll cells are columnar and densely packed near the upper surface for efficient light capture, while spongy mesophyll cells are irregular and spaced out to allow gas exchange

What best describes the function of endodermis in roots?

It forms a selective barrier that regulates the movement of water and solutes into the vascular cylinder

Describe the strongly supported hypothesis for how water/nutrients move in a plant using one concise sentence

The cohesion-tension theory explains that water and nutrients move up a plant due to water's cohesive properties, adhesion to xylem walls, and transpiration creating tension that pulls water upwards.

Describe one major effect that auxin has on growth and/or development using one concise sentence

Auxin influences plant growth by promoting cell elongation and causing plants to bend towards light, a process known as phototropism; auxin facilitates this by concentrating on the shadier side of the plant, stimulating cell growth there.

Describe cohesion-tension hypothesis in three concise sentences or fewer

Water and nutrients ascend in plants due to water’s cohesive nature and adhesion to xylem walls. Transpiration creates a tension that pulls water upwards. This comprehensive process allows plants to efficiently transport essential substances.

Concisely describe one major difference between angiosperm and gymnosperm reproduction with a single sentence

Angiosperms reproduce through flowers, resulting in seeds enclosed in fruits, and gymnosperms reproduce via cones, with naked seeds unenclosed.

What are the 4 parts of a flower

1. Septals = calyx

2. Petals = corolla

3. Stamen

4. Carpel

Gymnosperm microsporangia

Male cones

Gymnosperm Megasporangia

Female cones (ovule)

Angiosperms microsporangia

Anther

Angiosperms megasporangia

Carpel (ovule)

Concise sentence to describe one major pollination difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms

Gymnosperms rely on wind for pollination, while angiosperms utilize a variety of methods, including insects, birds, and mammals.

One structural feature of fungal cells that is unique to fungi

Cell walls made of Chitin

Septa

Walls that divide fungal hyphae into sperate cells, often with small pores

Filamentous

Describes fungi that grow in long threads or filaments rather than as single cells

Mycelia

A mass of branching, thread-like structures that forms the main body of some fungi

Yeast

Describes a unicellular form of fungi that reproduces by budding or fission

Hypha

A single long thread-like fungal cell that may branch

What does saprobe mean?

Saprobes are fungi that are heterotrophs and not able to photosynthesize. Instead, they’re able to break down dead organic matter for nutrients, making them saprobes.

Describe pressure-flow hypothesis in three concise sentences or fewer

The pressure-flow hypothesis explains how plants transport nutrients. It says that sugar production creates high pressure, pushing sap through phloem. This sap moves from source to sink, delivering nutrients to plant parts.

what is a similarity between sporangiospores and conidia?

Both produce spores

what is a difference between sporangiospores and conidia?

Sporangiospore production is internal while conidia are external

Define Homothallic

When a single fungal mycelium is able to sexually reproduce

Define heterothallic

When sexual reproduction requires two compatible individuals

What is depicted in the image?

Chloroplast

Label the parts of chloroplast

1. thylakoid

2. stroma

3. Thylakoid Lumin

4. Granium

Describe why too little light can be detrimental to plant growth

Light is essential for photosynthesis, it helps to initiate the process so plants can make glucose

Describe a specific response that plants have when dealing with low light quantity

Increase surface area cause bigger leaves can help to store more nutrients when light is not as abundant

Describe a specific response that plants have when dealing with high light quantity

Produce pigments like carotenoids and anthocyanins to absorb excess light energy and protect chlorophyll from damage. Develop smaller, thicker leaves or increase leaf reflectance by developing a waxy cuticle or leaf hairs

Describe why too much light can be detrimental to plant growth

Leads to radical oxygens that will lead to apoptosis of plant cells

What is the main source of energy in photosynthesis?

Light

What is the main energy source in fungi?

organic molecules

What is the main carbon source in photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide

What is the main carbon source in fungi respiration

Glucose

Amylases

Amylases break down starch into simpler sugars. Example environment: bread mold growing on starchy bread.

Cellulases

Cellulases degrade cellulose, a major component of plant cell walls. Example environment: fungi decomposing dead plant litter in a forest.

Proteases

Proteases breakdown proteins into peptides or amino acids. Example environment: fungi decomposing animal carcasses in soil.

Lipases

Lipases break down lipids (fats and oils) into glycerol and fatty acids. Example environment: fungi growing on oily seeds or nuts.

Xylanases

Xylanases degrade xylan, a component of plant cell walls. Example environment: fungi breaking down wood in a decaying log.

Pectinases

Pectinases break down pectin, another component of plant cell walls. Example environment: fungi causing fruit rot.

Name the two major types of mycorrhiza

Ectomycorrhizae (EM) and Endomycorrhizae

Difference between the two major types of mycorrhizae

Ectomycorrhizae form a sheath around the root and penetrate between root cells, while endomycorrhizae penetrate root cells, forming arbuscules.

What similarities between Ericoid and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Both enhance nutrient uptake and stree tolerance in plants

What difference between Ericoid and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbusular are found in 70-80% of plants and Ericaceae are found in 1-3% of plants

One way fungi benefit humans

Can make medicine with fungi, like penicillin

One way plants benefit humans

Plants are a valuable resource for food, and clothes, providing essentials for humans

What nitrogen source can all fungi use?

Glutamine/Glutamate

Briefly describe the form and function of Rhizomorph

form = thread-like or cord-like structure

function = Act as an absorption and translation organ of nutrients by decaying roots and wood. Are able to reach areas where food resources are scarce being an advantageous trait

Briefly describe the form and function of Spitzenkorper