Lab 8: Respiratory Organs

conducting zone

includes the airways for air entering and leaving the body from the nose to terminal bronchioles

respiratory zone

consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and the alveoli

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx

the upper respiratory tract includes the...

vestibule

opens into the nasal cavity

nasal cavity; nares; vestibule

During inhalation, air moves into the _________________ through the nostrils or ______________, into the ______________, which has nose hairs.

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Most of the nasal cavity is lined with mucus membraned containing ciliated __________________________________.

mucus

traps duct, debris, and pathogens

cilia

sweep the mucus posteriorly to the pharynx

olfactory epithelium

located at the roof of the nasal cavity inferior to the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

neurons of olfactory epithelium

bind odorant particles to detect smell, then pass through the cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb of the brain

nasal conchae

the lateral walls of the nasal cavity contain bony projections

-lined with nasal mucous membrane that serves to warm, filter, and moisten incoming air

meatus

the narrow passage below each conchae

palae

separates the nasal cavity and oral cavity

pharynx

a tube that connects the posterior nasal cavity to the larynx

-divided into three regions

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

three regions of the pharynx

larynx

voice box

-extends from the pharynx to the trachea

-houses vocal cords

-suspends from the hyoid bone

moves

as the hyoid bone moves, the larynx _____________

arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform; thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, and cricoid cartilage

-the ______________________________________ cartilages occur in pairs

-the ______________________________________ occur singly

superior vestibular folds

-false vocal cords

-do not assist in sound production

inferior vocal cords

-true vocal cords

-vibrate to produce sound

glottis

the opening between the vocal folds, allowing air to move between trachea and laryngopharynx

laryngeal prominence

the adam's apple is the anterior bulge of ________________________ of the thyroid cartilgae

trachea, bronchial tree, and alveoli

the lower respiratory tract of the respiratory system includes...

trachea

wind pipe

-branches into the left and right primary bronchi

mucociliary elevator

the cilia of the trachea move the mucus superiorly toward the larynx and esophagus as the...

hyaline cartilage

Tracheal walls contain c-shaped rings of ______________________ which keep the windpipe from collapsing between breaths

trachealis

posteriorly, the tracheal wall is the _________________ muscle

-contraction of this muscle narrows the windpipe lumen

carina

the last cartilage of the trachea before primary bronchi

-very sensitive to touch

-debris contacting this structure causing coughing

hilum; lobar bronchi

the primary bronchi enter each lung at the _____________ and give rise to the secondary bronchi or _______________ supplying each lobe.

3

the right lung has _____ lobes

2

the left lung has ______ lobes

tertiary bronchi

smaller ______________ branch from lobar bronchi

-also called the segmental bronchi

10

the right lung has _________ segments

8

the left lung has _________ segments

bronchial tree

collectively the airways are knows as the...

respiratory bronchioles

respiratory zone begins as _______________________ branch from terminal bronchioles

smallest; alveoli; alveolar ducts

respiratory bronchi are the ______________ of the bronchioles, have ___________ outpocketing from their lumen, and lead to __________________.

alveolar ducts

open into alveoli or air sacs where gas exchange occurs

pulmonary capillaries

surround the alveoli

respiratory membrane

consists of the alveolar and capillary walls and the fused basement membrane of the two cell layers

type I

alveolar cells

-simple squamous epithelium for rapid gas diffusion

type II

alveolar cells

-release surfactant which keeps alveoli open between breaths

surfactant

disrupts the surface tension of water covering the alveolar surface

left

the ______________ lung is smaller due to the positioning of the heart

fissures

two __________________, the horizontal and right oblique, separate the lobes of the right lung

cardiac notch

the superior lobe of the left lung contains the _____________, an indention for the heart

apex

the ___________ of each lung is located by the clavicles

diaphragm

the base of each lung is located superior to the ______________, the primary muscle for inspiration

hilum

faces the mediastinum

-the right or left main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves pass into and out of each lung here

negative intrapleural pressure

creates sort of a vacuum between the chest wall and lungs

diaphragm

contracts downward and flattens out

intercostals

raise the rib cage and sternum moves anteriorly

costal surface

parietal pleura follows the _____________

alveoli

surface tension of fluid in the pleural cavity expands visceral pleura, which expand...

reduced

increases thoracic and alveolar volume bring __________ thoracic cavity and alveolar pressure

higher

air moves from _______________ atmospheric pressure into respiratory tract